Table 4.
Comparison of recorded parameters between young and older women groups
| Parameters | Young women (n = 40), mean ± SD | Older women (n = 40), mean ± SD | U | z | p | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HGS, D (kgf) | 26.07 ± 5.00 | 19.64 ± 3.52 | 226.5 | 5.51 | ≤ 0.05 | 0.87 |
| Fatigue, D (%) | 24.53 ± 8.52 | 48.09 ± 12.72 | 146 | −6.29 | ≤ 0.05 | −0.99 |
| SD1, D (kgf) | 1.19 ± 0.37 | 1.63 ± 0.26 | 235 | − 5.43 | ≤ 0.05 | −0.86 |
| SD2, D (kgf) | 3.44 ± 0.79 | 5.38 ± 1.52 | 203 | −5.74 | ≤ 0.05 | −0.91 |
| SD1/SD2, D | 0.36 ± 0.14 | 0.35 ± 0.17 | 657 | 1.37 | – | – |
| AFE, D (kgf2) | 13.07 ± 5.62 | 27.41 ± 8.26 | 122.5 | −6.51 | ≤ 0.05 | −1.03 |
| HGS, ND (kgf) | 23.38 ± 4.50 | 17.10 ± 3.17 | 182 | 5.94 | ≤ 0.05 | 0.94 |
| Fatigue, ND (%) | 26.70 ± 10.43 | 53.84 ± 7.82 | 27 | −7.43 | ≤ 0.05 | −1.17 |
| SD1, ND (kgf) | 1.14 ± 0.30 | 1.58 ± 0.21 | 206.5 | −5.71 | ≤ 0.05 | −0.90 |
| SD2, ND (kgf) | 3.25 ± 0.71 | 5.05 ± 1.25 | 187 | −5.89 | ≤ 0.05 | −0.93 |
| SD1/SD2, ND | 0.37 ± 0.13 | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 677 | 1.18 | – | – |
| AFE, ND (kgf2) | 11.73 ± 4.28 | 25.17 ± 7.42 | 72 | −7.00 | ≤ 0.05 | −1.11 |
HGS hand grip strength, D dominant, ND nondominant, SD standard deviation, AFE area of the fitting ellipse, n number of subjects, U Mann–Whitney’s U-test values, z scores, p thresholds of statistical significance, r effect size coefficient