Table 2.
Analysis of risk factors for E. bieneusi infection
| Variable | Examined no. (%) | Positive no (%) | ORa (95% CIb) | χ2/P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factor | Sex | Male | 94/54.65 | 11/11.70 | 2.45 (0.75, 8.03) | 1.56/0.21 |
| Female | 78/45.35 | 4/5.13 | ||||
| Age (years) | Children (< 13) | 97/56.39 | 5/5.15 | Ref | ||
| Teenagers (13–17) | 41/23.84 | 5/12.20 | 0.39 (0.11, 1.43) | 2.13/0.15 | ||
| Adults (≥ 18 years) | 34/19.77 | 5/14.71 | 0.32 (0.09, 1.17) | 3.26/0.07 | ||
| Clinical symptoms | Diarrhea | Yes | 42/24.42 | 3/7.14 | 0.76 (0.20, 2.82) | 0.01/0.92 |
| No | 130/75.58 | 12/9.23 | ||||
| Abdominal pain | Yes | 24/13.95 | 2/8.33 | 0.94 (0.20, 4.47) | 0/1.00 | |
| No | 148/86.05 | 13/8.78 | ||||
| Nausea | Yes | 5/2.91 | 0 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | −/1.00c | |
| No | 167/97.09 | 15/8.98 | ||||
| Emesis | Yes | 8/4.65 | 1/12.5 | 1.53 (0.18, 13.35) | 0/1.00 | |
| No | 164/95.35 | 14/8.54 | ||||
| Anorexia | Yes | 6/3.49 | 1/16.67 | 2.17 (0.24, 19.91) | 0/1.00 | |
| No | 166/96.51 | 14/8.43 | ||||
| Personal hygiene habits | Drinking boiled water | Yes | 135/78.49 | 12/8.89 | 1.11 (0.30, 4.14) | 0/1.00 |
| No | 37/21.51 | 3/8.11 | ||||
| Washing hands before meals | Yes | 98/56.98 | 9/9.18 | 1.15 (0.39, 3.38) | 0.06/0.80 | |
| No | 74/43.02 | 6/8.11 | ||||
| Washing hands after using toilets | Yes | 73/42.44 | 9/12.33 | 2.18 (0.74, 6.42) | 2.07/0.15 | |
| No | 99/57.56 | 6/6.06 | ||||
| Eating unwashed vegetables and fruits | Yes | 145/84.30 | 15/10.34 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | −/0.13c | |
| No | 27/15.70 | 0 | Ref | |||
| Others | Pit toilets | Public | 166/96.51 | 15/9.04 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | −/1.00c |
| Individual | 6/3.49 | 0 | ||||
| Animal feeding patterns | Free-ranging | 36/20.93 | 2/5.56 | 0.56 (0.07, 4.29) | 0/0.98 | |
| Both free-ranging and captive | 115/66.86 | 11/9.57 | 1.01 (0.21, 4.90) | 0/1.00 | ||
| Captive | 21/12.21 | 2/9.52 | Ref | |||
a OR Odds ratio. b CI Confidence interval. c Fisher’s exact test