Table 1.
Summary of the functions of nitidine chloride in human cancers.
| Cancer type | Function | Targets | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Inhibits growth and induces cell cycle arrest; reduces migration and invasion; inhibits metastasis. | Downregulates c-Src/FAK; MMP-9, MMP-2, c-Src, FAK, MAPK, RhoA, Rac1, AP, Bcl-2, smoothened, patched, Gli1, Gli2, Snail, Slug, Zeb1, Nanog, Nestn, Oct-4, and CD44; upregulates p53, p21, Bax, cleaved caspase-9 and -3, and PARP. | 3, 9, 18 |
| Liver cancer | Inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. | Decreases JAK1/STAT3, cyclinD1, CDK4, Bcl-2, ERK, SHH, TOP1 and TOP2A; upregulates p21, p53, Bax, and caspase-3 and p21. | 20, 21, 26 |
| Ovarian cancer | Inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis. | Downregulates Skp2, MMP-2, MMP-9, ERK, pAkt, Bcl-2. Increases the expression of Fas, FADD, caspase-8 and caspase-3. | 31, 32, 38-40 |
| Renal cancer | Suppresses invasion and metastasis; Triggers apoptosis. | Inhibits AKT signaling pathway, down-regulates MMP-2 and MMP-9. inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, upregulates p53, Bax, cleavage caspase-3, and cleavage PARP, and downregulates Bcl-2, caspase-3 and PARP, | 43, 44 |
| Glioblastoma | Inhibits cell viability, migration and invasion, and induces cell cycle arrest. | Suppresses pAkt, mTOR, pDok2, GSK3-b; increases cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3. | 48, 49 |
| Osteosarcoma | Inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, induces the apoptosis. | Upregulates cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, E-cadherin and Bax. Downregulates pro-caspase-3, pro-caspase-9, Bcl-2; Akt/GSK-3/Snail, SIN1, N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectn. | 53-55 |
| Colorectal cancer | Inhibits proliferation, enhances apoptosis. | Increases Bax, p53, cleaved caspase-3 and -9. Decreases Bcl-2, and pERK. | 56 |
| Gastric cancer | Inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis. | Inhibits STAT3 activation, cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, and VEGF. | 6 |
| Oral cancer | Inhibits cell viability, and enhanced apoptosis. | Downregulates STAT3 signaling pathway, suppresses Mcl-1 level. | 58, 59 |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | Inhibits cell growth, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; | Increases p27, Bax; Decreases Cyclin B1, CDK1, Bcl-2, pAkt, and ERK. | 60 |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | Induces erythroid differentiation and apoptosis. | Targets c-Myc-miRNAs axis. | 61 |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Inhibits proliferation, and enhances apoptosis. | Upregulates p53. | 62 |
| Prostate cancer | Inhibits cell proliferation and invasion. | Suppresses YAP. | 63 |