Fig. 1.

Experimental design. a Cell culture system. Cells were pretreated with IL-13 on days 1 and 3, and were subsequently exposed (on day 5) to IL-13, IL-33, IL-13 + IL-33, or rhinovirus (RV) + IL-13 + IL-33. Controls were pretreated with medium (Med) alone, and subsequently exposed to Med or RV. Analyses were carried out 48 h later. b Mouse model. Tollip knockout and wild-type mice were pretreated with IL-13 (on days 1 and 2), and were subsequently (on day 3) administered IL-13 + IL-33 with RV1B (RV + IL-13 + IL-33 group) or without (IL-13 + IL-33 group). Control groups consisted of mice similarly pretreated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and subsequently administered BSA (BSA group) or inoculated with RV1B (RV group). Airway inflammation was assessed 24 h later (on day 4).