Table 2.
Comparison of clinical and metabolic, inflammatory and vascular data between CN and MCI patients at baseline
| CN patients (n=40) | MCI patients (n=18) | p¥ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, F / M | 15 (37.5%) / 25 (62.5%) | 9 (50.0%) / 9 (50.0%) | 0.402 |
| Education, basic / high school / university | 3 (10.7%) / 25 (89.3%) / 12 (32.4%) | 7 (43.8%) / 9 (56.3%) / 2 (18.2%) | 0.012* |
| Clinical phenotype, PIGD / other | 22 (64.7%) / 18 (45.0%) | 12 (85.7%) / 6 (33.3%) | 0.566 |
| Age (years) | 62.8 ± 7.9, 64.0 (48.0–82.0) | 66.8 ± 8.2, 68.0 (45.0–79.0) | 0.017* |
| Duration of PD (years) | 5.1 ± 3.4, 4.0 (1.0–15.0) | 6.7 ± 5.4, 4.5 (1.0–20.0) | 0.431 |
| Daily L-dopa equivalent dose | 417.3 ± 292.1, 383.0 (27.0–1115.0) | 696.1 ± 441.4, 652.5 (200.0–2010.0) | 0.010* |
| IMT right | 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.6 (0.3–1.6) | 0.8 ± 0.3, 0.8 (0.3–1.6) | 0.030* |
| IMT left | 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.8 ± 0.3, 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 0.270 |
| PI right¤ | 1.1 ± 0.9, 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | 0.8 ± 0.2, 0.8 (0.3–1.1) | 0.317 |
| PI left¤ | 1.0 ± 0.5, 0.8 (0.2–2.1) | 0.8 ± 0.2, 0.8 (0.4–1.1) | 0.184 |
| RI right¤ | 0.6 ± 0.4, 0.6 (0.1–2.4) | 0.5 ± 0.1, 0.5 (0.2–0.7) | 0.430 |
| RI left¤ | 0.6 ± 0.3, 0.6 (0.1–1.3) | 0.5 ± 0.2, 0.6 (0.3–0.8) | 0.447 |
| QRISK2 | 13.6 ± 8.9, 11.5 (1.5–40.9) | 16.2 ± 9.3, 15.8 (2.3–42.5) | 0.190 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 264.7 ± 70.9, 261.0 (122.0–420.0) | 259.9 ± 74.4, 242.5 (147.0–430.0) | 0.614 |
| Homocystein (μmol/l) | 12.4 ± 3.0, 11.7 (8.0–20.7) | 13.3 ± 3.3, 13.0 (7.9–17.8) | 0.233 |
| B12 (pg/ml) | 308.5 ± 127.1, 287.0 (121.0–694.0) | 291.0 ± 91.3, 251.5 (172.0–527.0) | 0.807 |
| Folic acid (ng/ml) | 7.1 ± 2.5, 6.7 (3.8–14.1) | 7.8 ± 5.1, 4.9 (3.1–18.0) | 0.313 |
| C3 (g/l) | 1.1 ± 0.3, 1.1 (0.7–2.9) | 1.2 ± 0.2, 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 0.033* |
| C4 (g/l) | 0.3 ± 0.2, 0.2 (0.2–1.3) | 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.108 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/ml) | 3.1 ± 1.7, 3.0 (0.2–8.4) | 5.5 ± 3.8, 4.7 (1.5–16.8) | 0.009* |
| UPDRS total | 31.6 ± 16.6, 27.0 (9.0–76.0) | 36.4 ± 13.4, 34.5 (7.0–61.0) | 0.116 |
| UPDRS I | 1.6 ± 2.4, 1.0 (0.0–13.0) | 2.2 ± 2.0, 1.5 (0.0–8.0) | 0.092 |
| UPDRS II | 8.2 ± 5.4, 7.5 (0.0–21.0) | 9.9 ± 5.8, 9.0 (2.0–18.0) | 0.292 |
| UPDRS III | 21.7 ± 11.4, 20.5 (5.0–56.0) | 24.9 ± 8.7, 25.0 (3.0–43.0) | 0.110 |
| ADL | 7.0 ± 2.0, 8.0 (1.0–8.0) | 6.4 ± 1.8, 7.0 (2.0–8.0) | 0.068 |
| Barthel index | 96.8 ± 8.7, 100.0 (60.0–100.0) | 93.1 ± 9.9, 100.0 (70.0–100.0) | 0.072 |
| PI right above normal¤ | 12 (40.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0.124 |
| PI left above normal¤ | 12 (37.5%) | 2 (20.0%) | 0.451 |
| RI right above normal¤ | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| RI left above normal¤ | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Uric acid below normal | 8 (20.0%) | 4 (22.2%) | 1.000 |
| Homocysteine above normal | 26 (65.0%) | 13 (72.2%) | 0.764 |
| B12 below normal | 4 (10.0%) | 1 (5.6%) | 1.000 |
| Folic acid below normal | 5 (12.5%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0.014* |
*
Statistically significant result p<0.05
¤
Values not known in all patients (specifically, PI right, PI left, RI right and RI left was evaluated for 10 MCI patients and 30, 32, 31 and 31 CN patients, respectively)
¥
p-values calculated using Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate
Legend: ADL (activity of daily living score), CN (cognitive normal), IMT (intimomedial thickness), PD (Parkinson’s disease), PI (pulsatility index), PIGD (postural instability and gait disorder), RI (resistance index), UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale)