Table 4.
Comparison of clinical, metabolic, inflammatory and vascular data at baseline between non-converters (i.e. patients who remained cognitively normal after 2 years) and converters (i.e. patients that progressed to MCI after 2 years)
| Non-converters (n=23) | Converters (n=11) | p¥ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, females / males | 9 (39.1%) / 14 (60.9%) | 4 (36.4%) / 7 (63.6%) | 1.000 |
| Education, basic / high school / university | 1 (4.3%) / 14 (60.9%) / 8 (34.8%) | 2 (18.2%) / 7 (63.6%) / 2 (18.2%) | 0.399 |
| Motor phenotype, PIGD / other | 14 (60.9%) / 9 (39.1%) | 6 (54.5%) / 5 (45.5%) | 1.000 |
| Age (years) | 60.0 ± 7.0, 63.0 (50.0–72.0) | 69.0 ± 8.0, 65.0 (58.0–82.0) | 0.015* |
| Duration of PD (years) | 6.0 ± 3.0, 5.0 (1.0–12.0) | 5.0 ± 4.0, 4.0 (1.0–15.0) | 0.243 |
| IMT right | 0.7 ± 0.2, 0.6 (0.4–1.3) | 0.8 ± 0.3, 0.7 (0.5–1.6) | 0.344 |
| Daily L-dopa equivalent dose | 423.0 ± 283.0, 372.0 (105.0–1115.0) | 359.0 ± 319.0, 300.0 (54.0–940.0) | 0.403 |
| IMT left | 0.7 ± 0.2, 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.8 ± 0.4, 0.7 (0.5–1.8) | 0.513 |
| PI right¤ | 0.9 ± 0.6, 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 1.3 ± 1.5, 0.7 (0.2–5.0) | 0.672 |
| PI left¤ | 0.9 ± 0.4, 0.8 (0.2–2.0) | 1.1 ± 0.6, 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.308 |
| RI right¤ | 0.5 ± 0.2, 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.8 ± 0.7, 0.5 (0.1–2.4) | 0.781 |
| RI left¤ | 0.6 ± 0.3, 0.6 (0.1–1.2) | 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.253 |
| QRISK2 | 10.7 ± 7.0, 8.8 (1.5–27.2) | 19.7 ± 11.3, 13.9 (7.7–40.9) | 0.008* |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 268.0 ± 79.7, 268.0 (122.0–420.0) | 250.4 ± 42.7, 244.0 (185.0–339.0) | 0.403 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l) | 12.3 ± 3.0, 11.6 (8.4–20.7) | 12.0 ± 2.1, 11.4 (9.5–16.9) | 0.856 |
| B12 (pg/ml) | 317.3 ± 141.8, 292.0 (121.0–694.0) | 324.6 ± 119.6, 311.0 (135.0–571.0) | 0.490 |
| Folic acid (ng/ml) | 7.2 ± 2.9, 6.4 (3.8–14.1) | 7.2 ± 2.4, 7.2 (3.9–11.4) | 0.800 |
| C3 (g/l) | 1.2 ± 0.4, 1.1 (0.8–2.9) | 1.1 ± 0.2, 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.344 |
| C4 (g/l) | 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.2 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.612 |
| Interleukin 6 (pg/ml) | 2.8 ± 1.7, 2.2 (0.2–7.4) | 3.3 ± 1.0, 3.6 (1.5–5.0) | 0.201 |
| UPDRS total | 30.0 ± 15.0, 27.0 (9.0–67.0) | 37.0 ± 19.0, 29.0 (16.0–76.0) | 0.258 |
| UPDRS I | 1.0 ± 2.0, 1.0 (0.0–6.0) | 2.0 ± 1.0, 2.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.403 |
| UPDRS II | 8.0 ± 5.0, 8.0 (0.0–21.0) | 9.0 ± 7.0, 7.0 (2.0–18.0) | 0.971 |
| UPDRS III | 21.0 ± 11.0, 17.0 (5.0–48.0) | 27.0 ± 13.0, 25.0 (9.0–56.0) | 0.143 |
| ADL | 7.0 ± 2.0, 8.0 (2.0–8.0) | 6.0 ± 3.0, 8.0 (1.0–8.0) | 0.274 |
| Barthel index | 97.0 ± 9.0, 100.0 (60.0–100.0) | 95.0 ± 11.0, 100.0 (65.0–100.0) | 0.403 |
| PI right above normal¤ | 6 (35.3%) | 3 (33.3%) | 1.000 |
| PI left above normal¤ | 6 (31.6%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.677 |
| RI right above normal¤ | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.333 |
| RI left above normal¤ | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Uric acid below normal | 5 (21.7%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.638 |
| Homocysteine above normal | 14 (60.9%) | 8 (72.7%) | 0.705 |
| B12 below normal | 2 (8.7%) | 1 (9.1%) | 1.000 |
| Folic acid below normal | 3 (13.0%) | 2 (18.2%) | 1.000 |
Statistically significant result p<0.05
Values not known in all patients (specifically, PI right, PI left, RI right and RI left was evaluated for 9 MCI patients and 17, 19, 18 and 18 CN patients, respectively)
p-values calculated using Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate
Legend: ADL (activity of daily living score), CN (cognitive normal), IMT (intimomedial thickness), PD (Parkinson’s disease), PI (pulsatility index), PIGD (postural instability and gait disorder), RI (resistance index), UPDRS (Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale)