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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 14.
Published in final edited form as: Matters Sel. 2019 Mar 22;2019:10.19185/matters.201903000008. doi: 10.19185/matters.201903000008

Figure 1. Increased sleep pressure decreases neural-glial interactions between mushroom body neurons and astrocytes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Figure 1.

(A) Representative image of MB-astrocyte GRASP signal in baseline (non-sleep deprived) condition.

(B) Representative image of MB-astrocyte GRASP signal after 24 h of sleep deprivation (SD).

(C) Representative image of MB-astrocyte GRASP signal after 72 h of recovery following 24 h of SD. Scale bar 25 μm.

(D) Average CTCF signal in groups from the 24 h of baseline (non-sleep deprived) condition, after 24 h of sleep deprivation (SD), and after 72 h of recovery following 24 h of SD. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of sleep loss on GRASP signal (P<0.0001). Tukey multiple comparisons test showed a significant reduction in GRASP signal after 24 h of SD when compared to both baseline (*P<0.001) and after 72 h of recovery following 24 h of SD (*P<0.001).

(E) Average sleep amount (min) per 24 h day in groups from the 24 h of baseline (non-sleep deprived) condition, during 24 h of sleep deprivation (SD), and for the final 24 h period after 72 h of recovery following 24 h of SD. One-way ANOVA confirmed a significant effect of sleep loss (P<0.0001). Tukey multiple comparisons test showed a significant reduction in sleep during SD when compared to baseline (*P<0.001) and during 72 h of recovery following 24 h of SD (*P<o.oo1).

(F) Diurnal measures of MB-astrocyte GRASP signal in flies on a 12:12 light-dark cycle. One-way ANOVA indicated no significant changes across time-of-day (P=o.22). ZTo (zeitgeber time 0) = lights on, ZT12 = lights off.

(G) Stress induced by 24 h of paraquat treatment (0.1 mM) or by 24 h of starvation did not affect MB-astrocyte GRASP signal compared to control flies. One-way ANOVA (P=0.08); Tukey multiple comparisons tests among conditions (n.s.).

(H) Representative image of MB-astrocyte GRASP signal in control (isolated flies).

(I) Representative image of MB-astrocyte GRASP signal in flies following social enrichment (enriched flies). Scale bar 25 μm.

(J) Effect of social enrichment (enriched flies) on MB-astrocyte GRASP signal compared to control (isolated flies). T-test (*P<0.01).

(K) Total sleep amount (min) in the 24 h day from MB-astrocyte GRASP flies following social enrichment (enriched flies) compared to control (isolated flies). T-test (*P<0.0001).