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. 2020 Jan 14;10:286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57146-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Example of atom mappings of the ¹³C-labeling experiment used for isotopomer analysis. (a) Simplified metabolic pathways related to the reductive glutamine metabolism including citrate (Cit) biosynthesis from [U-¹³C]glutamine (Gln) and non-labeled from glucose. (b) Simplified metabolic pathways related to the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway (EMPP) from [1-¹³C]glucose. Filled and open circles represent ¹³C and ¹²C atoms respectively. CS: citrate synthase, PC: pyruvate carboxylase, IDH_reverse: reverse reaction of isocitrate dehydrogenase. All abbreviations are described in Supplementary Table S1.