Table 1.
Prism Adaptation Studies
| Study | Patients | Control | Protocol | Number of Sessions | Test | Assessment | Results | Design | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frassinetti et al,63 | 7 RH | 6 RHI | 10° RPA | 20 | BIT; Bell cancellation; Reading; Fluff test; Room description; Object reaching |
Pre, Post, Follow-up (2 days, 1 week and 5 weeks later) | Improvement after RPA, at least for 5 weeks | NRCT | Class II |
| Priftis et al,67 | 31 RH | None | 10° RPA, or VST (visual scanning training), or LAT (limb activation treatment) | 20 | Comb and razor test; Fluff test; Picture scanning; Reading; Coin sorting; Ecological scale; Room description; CBS | Pre, Post, Follow-up (2 weeks later) | Improvement after each treatment, at least for 2 weeks later | Quasi-RCT | Class Ia |
| Spaccavento et al,69 | 20 RH | None | 10° RPA or VST | 20 | Fluff test; Personal neglect scale; BIT; Extrapersonal neglect scale; CBS; FIM | Pre, Post (4 weeks later) | Improvement after both treatments in each test, except in the extrapersonal neglect scale | Pilot | Class III |
| Fortis et al,84 | 5 RH | None | 12,4° RPA | 1 | LBT; Pointing |
Pre, Post | Improvement on “aiming”, but not on “where” spatial bias | Pilot | Class III |
| Pisella et al,85 | 2 RH | None | 10° RPA | 1 | Straight-ahead; LBT | Pre, Post, Follow-up (72 hrs later) | Improvement at least for 4 days | Pilot | Class III |
| Rossetti et al,87 | Exp1: 8 RH Exp2: 6 RH |
5 Healthy subjects 6 RHI |
10° RPA and LPA | 1 | LBT; Cancellation test; Copying; Drawing from memory; Reading | Pre, Post, Follow-up (2 hrs later) | Improvement after RPA, at least for 2h | RCT | Class I |
| Farné et al,88 | 6 RH | None | 10° RPA | 1 2 (for 4 patients) |
Line, bell and letter cancellation; LBT; Visual scanning; Object-naming; Reading | Pre, Post, Follow-up (1 day and 1 week later) | Improvement after RPA, at least for 1 day | Pilot | Class III |
| Serino et al,89 | 21 RH | None | 10° RPA | 10 | BIT; Bell cancellation; Reading; Fluff test; Room description; Object reaching; Tactile extinction test; Proprioceptive sensibility and standardized mobility scale |
Pre, Post (1 week later); Follow-up (1, 3 and 6 months later) | Improvement in visuospatial abilities, tactile modality, but not for proprioception and motor functions. Persisted for 6 months |
Pilot | Class III |
| Serino et al,90 | 10 RH | 10 RH | 10° RPA and NP (neutral pointing) | 10 | BIT; Bell cancellation; Reading |
Pre, Post, Follow-up (1 month later) | Improvement after RPA and NP, but stronger after RPA. Persisted for 1 month after RPA |
Quasi-RCT | Class Ia |
| Vaes et al,91 | 21 RH | 22 RH | 10° RPA or Placebo | 7 | Digital visuospatial neglect test battery | Pre, Post, Follow-up (3 months later) | Improvement after RPA in drawing and bisection, navigation, visual extinction and non-motor memory Improvement in navigation, drawing and memory persisted 3 months later |
RCT | Class I |
| Mizuno et al,92 | 20 RH | 18 RH | 12° RPA or Neutral glasses | 20 | BIT; CBS; ADL; FIM |
Pre, Post, Follow-up (discharge) | Improvement in FIM and CBS in mild USN-patients after RPA. Improvement in FIM in prism group at the discharge |
RCT | Class I |
| Nys et al,93 | 1 RH | None | 10° RPA | 4 | Star cancellation; Figure copying | Pre, Post (after each session) |
Improvement of neglect severity, but worsening of perseveration behaviour | Pilot | Class III |
| Turton et al,94 | 16 RH | 10 RH | 6° RPA or neutral glasses | 10 | CBS; BIT | Pre, Post, Follow-up (8 weeks later) | Improvement of pointing bias, but not in CBS and BIT | RCT | Class I |
| Mancuso et al,95 | 13 RH | 9 RH | 5° RPA or Neutral glasses | 5 | Line and bells cancellation; Line orientation; LBT; Copying drawings; Finding objects; Dealing playing cards |
Pre, Post | No statistical difference between the two groups | RCT | Class I |
| Rode et al,96 | 10 RH | 10 RH | 10° RPA or Neutral glasses | 4 | Straight ahead; Open Loop Pointing; FIM; BIT | Pre, Post, Follow-up (1, 3 and 6 months later) | Improvement in the straight-ahead test, but no difference between the two groups 6 months later | RCT | Class I |
| Ten Brink et al,97 | 34 RH | 35 RH | 10° RPA or neutral glasses | 10 | CBS; Mobility Assessment Course; Shape cancellation | Pre, Post (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 weeks later) | No difference between the two groups | RCT | Class I |
Abbreviations: RH, Right Hemisphere; RPA, Rightward Prism Adaptation; LPA, Leftward Prism Adaptation; LBT, Line Bisection Task; BIT, Behavioural Inattention Test; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; CBS, Catherine Bergego Scale; ADL, Activites of Daily Living; RCT, Randomized Control Trial; NRCT, Non-Randomized Control Trials.