TABLE I.
Summary of Molecular Changes Associated With ACC
| Genes | |
| Diagnostic | SERPING1, MRPL48, TM7SF2, DDB1, NDUFS8, PRDX5 [22] |
| IL13RA2, HTR2B, CCNB2, RARRES2, SLC16A9 [23] | |
| SF-1 [37], HTR2B and ANLN [40] | |
| IGF-2 and Ki67 [24] | |
| Prognostic | Ki67/MIB1 [41] |
| Zinc-finger transcription factor Snail [42] | |
| Estrogen receptor (ER) [43] | |
| BUB1B, PINK1 [21,38] | |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 2 [62] | |
| Glucose transporter GLUT1 [47] | |
| Large homolog 7 Drosophila (DLG7) [38] | |
| Steroidogenic factor (SF-1) [37] | |
| ERCC1 (excision repair cross-complementing) [48] | |
| MiRNA | |
| Diagnostic | miR 483–5p, miR 511, miR 503 [8,49,63] |
| Prognostic | miR-139–5p, miR-195, miR-503, miR-1202, miR-1275 [52,64] |
| Pathways | Cell cycle, retinoic acid signaling, cholesterol and lipid metabolism. toll-like receptor 4, complement system, and antigen presentation [39,40] |
| Chromosomal alterations [65] | |
| Prognosis | Gains-6q, 7q, 12q, 19p and loss-3,8, 10p, 16q, 17q, 19q |
| Regions with dysregulated gene expression | Better prognosis-16p, 5q |
| Poor prognosis-1q, 22q, 6q, 10p, 6p |