Evaluation of antigen (ovalbumin, OVA)-specific antibody responses show that EcML has equal adjuvanticity to those of GLA and MPLAsm (Invivogen). Total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody titers measured 14 days after the second immunization with PBS only, OVA only, EcML only, OVA together with GLA, OVA together with EcML, or OVA together with MPLAsm. (a) Total IgG endpoint titers, (b) IgG1 endpoint titers, and (c) IgG2a endpoint titers. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 7; ****p < 0.0001; two-tailed unpaired student t-test). The lowest antibody titer was arbitrarily determined as 26, as the first sample tested was a 27 dilution of the serum. Error bars represent the standard deviations.