Fig. 2.

Waiting time and service fee for the formal emptying service provider based on different primary contact methods. a Waiting time in different contact methods (n = 103). b Service fee associated with different contact methods (n = 103). Samples of analyzed households opting for emptying services provided by the formal service provider (FP) within the last 3 years. The statistical difference was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test of multiple comparisons. An office visit is the only legal contact method, and the other methods are illegal in the study area. Boxplots indicate median and interquartile ranges (IQRs) with whiskers extending up to 1.5 × IQR from the median