Table 2.
Adjusted estimates for change in each biomarker during follow-up with respect to sex among Project Viva participants.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SE | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI)a | β (95% CI)a | ||
| Boys | Girls | Boys vs. girls | Boys vs. girls | Boys vs. girls | |
| n=447 | n=443 | ||||
| ΔGlucose (mg/dL) | −3.96 ± 3.23 | −6.44 ± 3.35 | 2.47 (−1.06, 6.01) | 2.36 (−1.32, 6.04) | 2.47 (−1.22, 6.16) |
| ΔInsulin (μU/mL) | 9.18 ± 3.44 | 8.02 ± 3.58 | 1.16 (−2.42, 4.84) | 0.59 (−3.16, 4.34) | 0.68 (−3.07, 4.43) |
| ΔHOMA−IR | 1.80 ± 0.83 | 1.73 ± 0.87 | 0.07 (−0.87, 1.00) | −0.05 (−1.00,0.90) | −0.04 (−0.99, 0.91) |
| ΔLeptin (ng/mL) | 3.23 ± 2.17 | 9.30 ± 2.22 | −6.07 (−8.38, −3.76) | −5.76 (−8.01, −3.50) | −5.76 (−7.92, −3.60) |
| ΔAdiponectin (ng/mL) | −10.03 ± 0.44 | −9.37 ± 0.45 | −0.66 (−1.12, −0.20) | −0.66 (−1.14, −0.18) | −0.67 (−1.14, −0.21) |
| ΔTotal cholesterol (mg/dL) | −2.61 ± 4.24 | −0.83 ± 4.37 | −1.78 (−6.12, 2.56) | −2.58 (−7.05, 1.89) | −2.42 (−6.89, 2.05) |
| ΔHDL (mg/dL) | −2.08 ± 2.00 | −0.69 ± 2.05 | −1.38 (−3.44, 0.68) | −1.47 (−3.55, 0.61) | −1.70 −3.69, 0.29) |
| ΔLDL (mg/dL) | −3.60 ± 3.38 | −2.92 ± 3.50 | −0.68 (−4.16, 2.80) | −1.17 (−4.76, 2.42) | −0.81 (−4.33,2.70) |
| ΔTriglycerides (mg/dL) | 10.72 ± 5.09 | 9.76 ± 5.25 | 0.96 (−4.29, 6.21) | 0.78 (−4.63, 6.19) | 1.21 (−4.12,6.54) |
| ΔCRP (mg/L) | −0.24 ± 0.33 | −0.30 ± 0.34 | 0.05 (−0.30, 0.40) | 0.07 (−0.30, 0.43) | 0.05 (−0.31, 0.41) |
| ΔIL−6 (pg/mL) | 0.23 ± 0.57 | 0.61 ± 0.58 | −0.37 (−0.97, 0.22) | −0.42 (−1.04, 0.21) | −0.42 (−1.05, 0.20) |
| ΔSBP (mmHg) | 13.7 ± 1.1 | 10.5 ± 1.1 | 3.18 (2.11, 4.26) | 3.20 (2.10, 4.30) | 3.17 (2.08, 4.27) |
HOMA-IR: homeostatic model insulin resistance; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; SBP: systolic blood pressure
a
Bolded font indicates statistical significance at P<0.05.
Model 1 Adjusted for age at baseline and follow-up, baseline biomarker level,and race/ethnicity.
Model 2 Model 1 + pubertal status (pre-pubertal vs. pubertal) and weight status (non-overweight/obese vs. overweight/obese) at baseline
Model 3 Model 2 + change in BMI z-score