Table 5.
Adjusted estimates for change in metabolic biomarkers during follow-up with respect to race/ethnicity among Project Viva participants.
| Mean ± SE | β (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | |||||||
| White | Black | Hispanic | Other | Black vs. White | Hispanic vs. White | Other vs. White | |
| n = 564 | n = 134 | n=38 | n = 125 | ||||
| ΔGlucose (mg/dL) | −3.46 ± 1.19 | −2.60 ± 2.33 | −3.81 ± 3.99 | −4.62 ± 2.47 | 0.86 (−4.30, 6.02) | −0.35 (−6.43, 7.71) | −1.16 (−6.43, 4.12) |
| ΔInsulin (uU/mL) | 7.70 ± 1.22 | 14.40 ± 2.26 | 7.03 ± 3.83 | 6.20 ± 2.54 | 6.70 (1.62, 11.79) | −0.68 (−8.51, 7.16) | −1.50 (−6.94, 3.94) |
| ΔHOMA−IR | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 3.26 ± 0.61 | 1.26 ± 1.00 | 1.22 ± 0.63 | 1.98 (0.63, 3.32) | −0.01 (−2.05, 2.02) | −0.06 (−1.41, 1.29) |
| 5.09 ± | 7.92 ± | 7.25 ± | 5.92 ± | 2.83 (−0.19, | 2.17 (−2.50, | 0.84 (−2.48, | |
| ΔLeptin (ng/mL) | 0.73 | 1.35 | 2.28 | 1.56 | 5.85) | 6.84) | 4.16) |
| ΔAdiponectin (ng/mL) | −8.97 ± 0.16 | −9.35 ± 0.29 | −10.79 ± 0.49 | −9.19 ± 0.33 | −0.39 (−1.04, 0.26) | −1.82 (−2.83, − 0.81) | −0.23 (−0.94, 0.49) |
| ΔTotal cholesterol (mg/dL) | −4.85 ± 1.46 | 0.02 ± 2.76 | −12.12 ± 4.60 | −7.25 ± 3.16 | 4.87 (−1.32, 11.06) | −7.27 (−16.70, 2.16) | −2.40 (−9.12, 4.33) |
| ΔHDL (mg/dL) | −0.60 ± 0.68 | 0.78 ± 1.28 | −5.56 ± 2.12 | −1.56 ± 1.45 | 1.38 (−1.49, 4.25) | −4.96 (−9.30, − 0.62) | −0.96 (−4.06, 2.14) |
| ΔLDL (mg/dL) | −6.46 ± 1.17 | −1.71 ± 2.22 | −9.10 ± 3.69 | −7.37 ± 2.53 | 4.75 (−0.22, 9.72) | −2.63 (−10.19, 4.93) | −0.91 (−6.29, 4.47) |
| ΔTriglycerides (mg/dL) |
11.16 ± 1.76 | 4.86 ± 3.34 | 12.21 ± 5.54 | 7.69 ± 3.80 | −6.29 (−13.80, 1.20) | 1.05 (−10.30, 12.39) | −3.48 (−11.55,4.60) |
| ΔCRP (mg/L) | −0.04 ± 0.12 | −0.16 ± 0.22 | 0.23 ± 0.36 | −0.37 ± 0.25 | −0.12 (−0.62, 0.38) | 0.27 (−0.47, 1.01) | −0.33 (−0.87, 0.21) |
| ΔIL−6 (pg/mL) | 0.45 ± 0.20 | 0.25 ± 0.38 | 0.94 ± 0.64 | 0.01 ± 0.44 | −0.20 (−1.05, 0.65) | 0.49 (−0.81, 1.80) | −0.44 (−1.37, 0.49) |
| 12.27 ± 0.35 | 12.95 ± 0.73 | 14.42 ± 1.36 | 12.29 ± 0.73 | 0.68 (−0.92, 2.28) | 2.15 (−0.60, 5.91) | 0.03 (−1.56, 1.61) | |
| Model 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | Hispanic | Other | Black vs. White | Hispanic vs. White | Other vs. White | |
| n = 562 | n = 134 | n= 38 | n = 125 | ||||
| ΔGlucose (mg/dL) | −3.38 ± 1.20 | −2.65 ± 2.34 | −3.86 ± 3.99 | −4.65 ± 2.47 | 0.73 (−4.45, 5.92) | −0.47 (−8.55, 7.60) | −1.26 (−6.54, 4.01) |
| ΔInsulin (μU/mL) | 7.83 ± 1.22 | 14.18± 2.26 | 6.76 ± 3.83 | 6.17± 2.54 | 6.35 (1.26, 11.43) | −1.07 (−8.91, 6.76) | −1.66 (−7.09, 3.77) |
| ΔHOMA−IR | 1.30 ± 0.31 | 3.21 ± 0.61 | 1.23 ± 1.01 | 1.22 ± 0.63 | 1.91 (0.56, 3.26) | −0.07 (−2.10, 1.97) | −0.08 (−1.43, 1.27) |
| ΔLeptin (ng/mL) | 5.27 ± 0.70 | 7.66 ± 1.29 | 6.67 ± 2.19 | 5.79 ± 1.50 | 2.39 (−0.51, 5.29) | 1.40 (−3.08, 5.88) | 0.52 (−2.66, 3.70) |
| ΔAdiponectin (ng/mL) | −8.97 ± 0.15 | −9.25 ± 0.28 | −10.67 ± 0.48 | −9.13 ± 0.32 | −0.28 (−0.91, 0.35) | −1.70 (−2.68, − 0.73) | −0.16 (−0.85, 0.53) |
| ΔTotal cholesterol (mg/dL) | −4.70 ± 1.47 | −0.22 ± 2.76 | −12.38 ± 4.60 | −7.33 ± 3.16 | 4.48 (−1.72, 10.68) | −7.68 (−17.10, 1.75) | −2.63 (−9.35, 4.09) |
| ΔHDL (mg/dL) | −0.80 ± 0.65 | 1.23 ± 1.23 | −5.09 ± 2.03 | −1.44 ± 1.39 | 2.03 (−0.73, 4.78) | −4.29 (−8.45, − 0.13) | −0.64 (−3.61, 2.33) |
| ΔLDL (mg/dL) | −6.18 ± 1.15 | −2.24 ± 2.17 | −9.75 ± 3.61 | −7.55 ± 2.48 | 3.94 (−0.92, 8.81) | −3.57 (−10.97, 3.82) | −1.37 (−6.63, 3.89) |
| ΔTriglycerides (mg/dL) | 11.57 ± 1.75 | 4.24 ± 3.30 | 11.47 ± 5.47 | 7.54 ± 3.74 | −7.33 (−14.73, 0.07) | −0.10 (−11.28, 11.08) | −4.03 (−11.98,3.93) |
| ΔCRP (mg/L) | −0.03 ± 0.12 | −0.16 ± 0.22 | 0.19± 0.36 | −0.39 ± 0.25 | −0.12 (−0.62, 0.37) | 0.22 (−0.52, 0.96) | −0.36 (−0.90, 0.18) |
| ΔIL−6 (pg/mL) | 0.44 ± 0.21 | 0.25 ± 0.38 | 0.93 ± 0.64 | 0.00 ± 0.44 | −0.20 (−1.05, 0.66) | 0.49 (−0.82, 1.80) | −0.44 (−1.37, 0.49) |
| ΔSBP (mmHg) | 12.28 ± 0.35 | 12.80 ± 0.73 | 14.37 ± 1.35 | 12.22 ± 0.73 | 0.52 (−1.07, 2.11) | 2.09 (−0.64, 4.83) | −0.05 (−1.62, 1.52) |
HOMA-IR: homeostatic model insulin resistance; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; SBP: systolic blood pressure
Model 1: Adjusted for sex, age at baseline and follow-up, and baseline biomarker level, weight status, and pubertal status. Bolded font indicates statistical significance at P<0.05.
Model 2: Model 1 + change in BMI z-score