. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Personal Ment Health. 2019 Jul 15;14(1):51–75. doi: 10.1002/pmh.1458

Table 1.

Parallel Structures of Psychopathology, Personality Pathology, and Personality

HiTOP	DSM-5 AMPD	ICD-11	FFM
Internalizing	Negative Affectivity vs. Emotional Stability	Negative Affectivity	Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability
Antagonistic Externalizing	Antagonism vs. Agreeableness	Dissocial	Agreeableness
Disinhibited Externalizing	Disinhibition vs. Conscientiousness	Disinhibition (vs. Anankastic)	Conscientiousness
Detachment	Detachment vs. Extraversion	Detachment	Extraversion vs. Introversion
Thought Disorder	Psychoticism vs. Lucidity	Schizotypal Disorder	(Openness/Open-Mindedness)

Note. HiTOP = Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5^th Edition. AMPD = Alternative Model of Personality Disorders. ICD-11 = International Classification of Diseases, 11^th Edition. FFM = Five-Factor Model of Personality. Adapted from Kotov et al. (2017, Figure 1) and Widiger et al. (2019, Table 1). Parentheses around a construct indicate that its placement is controversial or not well established.