. 2020 Jan;10(1):106–115. doi: 10.21037/qims.2019.10.20

Table 3. CSA of paraspinal muscles before and after exercise (n=50, mean ± standard deviation, mm²).

Spinal level	Session	Iliocostalis	Longissimus	Multifidus	CSA (total)
L3	Pre-exercise	830.39±247.00	491.72±184.84	263.04±67.98	1,585.16±430.68
	Post-exercise	876.11±268.67	551.69±202.33	302.26±76.77	1,730.05±471.72
	P value	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*
L4	Pre-exercise	847.51±240.79	366.00±122.14	409.07±114.68	1,622.59±376.14
	Post-exercise	906.90±273.4	412.43±122.54	461.23±137.24	1,780.56±446.35
	P value	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*	0.000*

CSA, cross-sectional area. *All P<0.05.

Table 3. CSA of paraspinal muscles before and after exercise (n=50, mean ± standard deviation, mm2).