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. 2019 Dec 4;11(12):2010. doi: 10.3390/polym11122010

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Superoxide radical scavenging activities of α- and β-chitosan (a) and α- and β-chitosan nanoparticles (b). Values were obtained from three independent experiments. Different lowercase letters (a,b,c…) on the graphics at the same sample indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between the results. Different capital letter (A,B,C…) on the graphics at the same concentration indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between the results. (*) refers to statistically significant difference (p < 0.05), (**) refers to statistically significant difference (p < 0.01), and (***) refers to a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) when compared to chitosan in (a). α-Tocopherol was used as a standard and was not compared with all samples studied. Where: a = α-chitosan, b = β-chitosan, CS = chitosan, NP = chitosan nanoparticles, 1 = low %DD and high MW, 2 = medium %DD and medium MW, 3 = high %DD and low MW.