Table 1.
Summary and comparison of eye detection techniques.
| Technique | Information | Illumination | Robustness | Requirements | References | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pupil | Iris | Corner | Eye | Between-the-Eyes | Indoor | Outdoor | Infrared | Scale | Head Pose | Occlusion | High Resolution | High Contrast | Temporal Dependent | Good Initialization | ||
| Shape-based (circular) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [30,31,34] | |||||||||
| Shape-based (elliptical) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [27,28,72] | ||||||||
| Shape-based (elliptical) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [73,74,75] | |||||||||
| Shape-based (complex) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [35,39,41,76] | ||||||
| Feature-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [42,77] | ||||||||||||
| Feature-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [62,78] | ||||||||||||
| Feature-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [50,51] | |||||||||||
| Feature-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [53,68,70] | ||||||||||||
| Feature-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [46,47,48] | ||||||||||
| Feature-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [52,60,79,80,81] | ||||||||||||
| Appearance-based | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [82,83,84,85] | ||||||||||
| Symmetry | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [57,58,86] | ||||||||||||
| Eye motion | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [60,61,62] | |||||||||||
| Hybrid | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [65,69,85] | |||||