Table 3.

Mean comparison among PD and HC for gait characteristics obtained from walking protocols and assessment systems (significant normalized gait characteristics are highlighted in grey color, in bold significant p-values (p < 0.05) for normalized gait characteristics except step velocity).

Gait Domains	Gait Characteristics	Intermittent Walk (IW)			Continuous Walk (CW)
		HC (n = 103) Mean ± SD	PD (n = 93) Mean ± SD	p Value	HC (n = 103) Mean ± SD	PD (n = 93) Mean ± SD	p Value
Gait Characteristics from Axivity
Pace	Step Velocity (m/s)	1.324 ± 0.153	1.252 ± 0.226	0.002	1.283 ± 0.155	1.186 ± 0.262	0.009
	Step Length (m)	0.718 ± 0.094	0.717 ± 0.074	0.010	0.694 ± 0.121	0.690 ± 0.077	0.022
	Swing Time Variability (s)	0.064 ± 0.084	0.123 ± 0.144	<0.001	0.037 ± 0.031	0.108 ± 0.082	0.058
Rhythm	Step Time (s)	0.554 ± 0.052	0.614 ± 0.129	0.001	0.538 ± 0.046	0.609 ± 0.133	<0.001
	Swing Time (s)	0.394 ± 0.047	0.448 ± 0.116	0.001	0.386 ± 0.044	0.454 ± 0.125	<0.001
	Stance Time (s)	0.705 ± 0.059	0.767 ± 0.141	0.003	0.689 ± 0.054	0.763 ± 0.144	<0.001
Variability	Step Velocity Variability (m/s)	0.174 ± 0.097	0.196 ± 0.078	0.273	0.137 ± 0.060	0.190 ± 0.076	<0.001
	Step Length Variability (m)	0.101 ± 0.060	0.126 ± 0.059	0.022	0.072 ± 0.034	0.109 ± 0.044	<0.001
	Step Time Variability (s)	0.093 ± 0.103	0.162 ± 0.157	<0.001	0.037 ± 0.033	0.114 ± 0.087	<0.001
	Stance Time Variability (s)	0.094 ± 0.103	0.166 ± 0.158	0.001	0.039 ± 0.033	0.116 ± 0.088	<0.001
Asymmetry	Step Time Asymmetry (s)	0.031 ± 0.018	0.051 ± 0.034	0.610	0.021 ± 0.016	0.026 ± 0.025	0.268
	Swing Time Asymmetry (s)	0.023 ± 0.017	0.039 ± 0.028	0.437	0.020 ± 0.018	0.023 ± 0.024	0.592
	Stance Time Asymmetry (s)	0.030 ± 0.019	0.044 ± 0.027	0.771	0.020 ± 0.018	0.024 ± 0.02	0.419
Postural Control	Step length Asymmetry (m)	0.078 ± 0.053	0.119 ± 0.112	0.606	0.066 ± 0.052	0.126 ± 0.128	0.060
Gait Characteristics from GAITRite
Pace	Step Velocity (m/s)	1.338 ± 0.198	1.194 ± 0.223	<0.001	1.301 ± 0.192	1.135 ± 0.218	<0.001
	Step Length (m)	0.697 ± 0.084	0.636 ± 0.098	<0.001	0.683 ± 0.083	0.616 ± 0.097	<0.001
	Swing Time Variability (s)	0.013 ± 0.003	0.016 ± 0.008	0.327	0.013 ± 0.004	0.017 ± 0.009	0.010
Rhythm	Step Time (s)	0.525 ± 0.045	0.538 ± 0.047	<0.001	0.528 ± 0.044	0.548 ± 0.047	<0.001
	Swing Time (s)	0.385 ± 0.030	0.382 ± 0.033	<0.001	0.385 ± 0.029	0.384 ± 0.031	0.001
	Stance Time (s)	0.665 ± 0.068	0.695 ± 0.072	<0.001	0.674 ± 0.066	0.714 ± 0.074	<0.001
Variability	Step Velocity Variability (m/s)	0.051 ± 0.015	0.047 ± 0.014	0.946	0.050 ± 0.012	0.054 ± 0.014	0.005
	Step Length Variability (m)	0.019 ± 0.006	0.020 ± 0.007	0.008	0.020 ± 0.006	0.023 ± 0.007	0.338
	Step Time Variability (s)	0.014 ± 0.004	0.016 ± 0.007	0.173	0.014 ± 0.004	0.018 ± 0.006	0.018
	Stance Time Variability (s)	0.016 ± 0.005	0.019 ± 0.011	0.260	0.017 ± 0.006	0.023 ± 0.012	0.011
Asymmetry	Step Time Asymmetry (s)	0.011 ± 0.008	0.018 ± 0.018	0.003	0.012 ± 0.009	0.019 ± 0.022	0.007
	Swing Time Asymmetry (s)	0.007 ± 0.006	0.014 ± 0.014	<0.001	0.007 ± 0.006	0.014 ± 0.014	0.003
	Stance Time Asymmetry (s)	0.007 ± 0.006	0.014 ± 0.014	0.476	0.007 ± 0.006	0.015 ± 0.015	<0.001
Postural Control	Step length Asymmetry (m)	0.020 ± 0.016	0.022 ± 0.018	0.048	0.019 ± 0.015	0.022 ± 0.020	0.036