. 2019 Nov 22;4:136. Originally published 2019 Sep 19. [Version 2] doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15467.2

Table 1. Characteristic of the studies included in the systematic review and reported measures of association.

Study	Country	Design	Setting	Study population	Sample size	% diabetes/ % malaria	Exposure	Outcome	Main result
Malaria Susceptibility
Danquah I, et al. ¹⁹ (2010)	Ghana	Case-control study	Health centre	Men and women aged ≥18 years	1,466	46% / by PCR 14.1% had Plasmodium spp. infection (91.8% P. falciparum)	Type 2 diabetes: treatment or fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L	Malaria: PCR was used to identify Plasmodium infection and species	Type 2 diabetes was associated with higher odds of Plasmodium falciparum infection: aOR = 1.46 (95% CI: 1.06-2.03)
Malaria Severity
Wyss K, et al. ¹⁸ (2017)	Sweden	Retrospective observational study	National surveillance data (Public Health Agency)	All adults (≥18 years) with Plasmodium falciparum microbiologically confirmed	937 individuals with P. falciparum, of which 9.8% were severe	In severe cases 9.8% had diabetes	Diabetes: as per the ICD-10 codes registered, including type 1, type 2 and unspecified	Severe malaria: 2012 WHO criteria (modified by the authors)	Regardless of hyperparasitemia, diabetes was associated with higher odds of severe malaria: aOR = 2.98 (95% CI: 1.25-7.09)
Khuu D, et al. ¹⁷ (2018)	USA	Retrospective observational study	Based on hospital records from State Inpatient Database	Men and women whose discharge records had malaria (ICD-9 codes) as the primary or secondary diagnoses	4,823 severe malaria hospitalizations	Among severe malaria inpatients, 10.4% type 2 diabetes	Based on the hospital records; no further details	Severe malaria: CDC criteria (modified by the authors). Malaria complications: where the discharge record noted malaria plus one or more complications (e.g., neurological symptoms)	Type 2 diabetes was not associated with severe malaria or malaria plus complications: aOR = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71- 1.28) [severe malaria]; aOR = 1.06 (95% CI: 0.60-1.88) [malaria with ARDS]; aOR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.55-1.57) [cerebral malaria]; aOR = 1.16 (95% CI: 0.75-1.80) [malaria with severe anaemia]; aOR = 1.20 (95% CI: 0.82-1.74) [malaria with renal failure]; aOR = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.36-1.92) [malaria with jaundice]