. 2017 Aug 1;135(1):1–34. doi: 10.1007/s10533-017-0366-1

Table 4.

Sediment characterization and structural parameters for the four process study sites

Site	Median grain size (d₅₀, m)	Mean grain size^a	Sorting^a	Skewness^a	Kurtosis^a	% fines^b	Folk class^c	Dry bulk density (kg m⁻³)	Porosity	Specific permeability^d (×10⁻¹⁴ m²)
Benthic A	57.30 ± 25.70 (n = 20) (15.69–145.66)	37.64 ± 18.5 (n = 20) (15.71–108.24)	4.78 ± 0.52 (n = 20) (4.13-6.18)	−0.45 ± 0.10 (n = 20) (−0.53 to 0.08)	1.00 ± 0.13 (n = 20) (0.68–1.39)	53.65 ± 10.76 (n = 20) (24.04–72.89)	Sandy mud	835.57 ± 142.27 (n = 12) (735.45–1041.11)	0.68 ± 0.05 (n = 12) (0.61–0.72)	2.16 ± 2.10 (n = 12) (0.59–5.25)
Benthic I	121.51 ± 30.33 (n = 20) (51.88–197.52)	88.62 ± 35.13 (n = 20) (33.63–177.69)	4.56 ± 0.83 (n = 20) (3.63–6.37)	−0.40 ± 0.10 (n = 20) (−0.61 to 0.25)	1.36 ± 0.22 (n = 20) (0.94–1.69)	28.36 ± 8.01 (n = 20) (17.10–53.16)	Muddy sand	1119.43 ± 137.98 (n = 12) (983.03–1247.11)	0.58 ± 0.05 (n = 12) (0.53–0.63)	15.4 ± 6.53 (n = 12) (9.12–23.3)
Benthic H	177.63 ± 97.96 (n = 22) (79.48–518.22)	145.67 ± 104.33 (n = 22) (37.05–509.77)	4.19 ± 1.16 (n = 22) (1.88–6.43)	−0.37 ± 0.11 (n = 22) (−0.63 to 0.11)	1.41 ± 0.26 (n = 22) (0.82–1.87)	21.92 ± 8.93 (n = 22) (4.88–43.82)	Muddy sand	1182.19 ± 61.09 (n = 12) (1121.40–1261.08)	0.55 ± 0.02 (n = 12) (0.52–0.58)	57.4 ± 46.6 (n = 12) (25.6–125.4)
Benthic G	458.83 ± 175.14 (n = 20) (48.26–730.33)	445.95 ± 188.75 (n = 20) (29.35–715.82)	3.05 ± 1.9 (n = 20) (1.65–9.58)	−0.30 ± 0.24 (n = 20) (−0.66 to 0.36)	2.17 ± 0.89 (n = 20) (0.48–3.20)	13.05 ± 16.69 (n = 20) (1.98–56.28)	Sand	1493.07 ± 178.36 (n = 12) (1299.84–1714.14)	0.44 ± 0.07 (n = 12) (0.35–0.51)	693.6 ± 180.1 (n = 12) (491.7–857.4)

Site

Median grain size (d₅₀, m)

Mean grain size^a

Sorting^a

Skewness^a

Kurtosis^a

% fines^b

Folk class^c

Dry bulk density (kg m⁻³)

Porosity

Specific permeability^d (×10⁻¹⁴ m²)

Benthic A

57.30 ± 25.70

(n = 20)

(15.69–145.66)

37.64 ± 18.5

(n = 20)

(15.71–108.24)

4.78 ± 0.52

(n = 20)

(4.13-6.18)

−0.45 ± 0.10

(n = 20)

(−0.53 to 0.08)

1.00 ± 0.13

(n = 20)

(0.68–1.39)

53.65 ± 10.76

(n = 20)

(24.04–72.89)

Sandy mud

835.57 ± 142.27

(n = 12)

(735.45–1041.11)

0.68 ± 0.05

(n = 12)

(0.61–0.72)

2.16 ± 2.10

(n = 12)

(0.59–5.25)

Benthic I

121.51 ± 30.33

(n = 20)

(51.88–197.52)

88.62 ± 35.13

(n = 20)

(33.63–177.69)

4.56 ± 0.83

(n = 20)

(3.63–6.37)

−0.40 ± 0.10

(n = 20)

(−0.61 to 0.25)

1.36 ± 0.22

(n = 20)

(0.94–1.69)

28.36 ± 8.01

(n = 20)

(17.10–53.16)

Muddy sand

1119.43 ± 137.98

(n = 12)

(983.03–1247.11)

0.58 ± 0.05

(n = 12)

(0.53–0.63)

15.4 ± 6.53

(n = 12)

(9.12–23.3)

Benthic H

177.63 ± 97.96

(n = 22)

(79.48–518.22)

145.67 ± 104.33

(n = 22)

(37.05–509.77)

4.19 ± 1.16

(n = 22)

(1.88–6.43)

−0.37 ± 0.11

(n = 22)

(−0.63 to 0.11)

1.41 ± 0.26

(n = 22)

(0.82–1.87)

21.92 ± 8.93

(n = 22)

(4.88–43.82)

Muddy sand

1182.19 ± 61.09

(n = 12)

(1121.40–1261.08)

0.55 ± 0.02

(n = 12)

(0.52–0.58)

57.4 ± 46.6

(n = 12)

(25.6–125.4)

Benthic G

458.83 ± 175.14

(n = 20)

(48.26–730.33)

445.95 ± 188.75

(n = 20)

(29.35–715.82)

3.05 ± 1.9

(n = 20)

(1.65–9.58)

−0.30 ± 0.24

(n = 20)

(−0.66 to 0.36)

2.17 ± 0.89

(n = 20)

(0.48–3.20)

13.05 ± 16.69

(n = 20)

(1.98–56.28)

Sand

1493.07 ± 178.36

(n = 12)

(1299.84–1714.14)

0.44 ± 0.07

(n = 12)

(0.35–0.51)

693.6 ± 180.1

(n = 12)

(491.7–857.4)

Values are means of all samples collected at the sites, ±SD (min–max ranges in brackets) and represent bulk samples 0–5 cm in depth

^aFolk and Ward (1957) geometric (modified) graphical (μm) measures

^bFines <63 μm

^cFolk (1954) textural class

^dEngelund (1953)