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. 2019 Dec 13;32:122–135. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.019

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Itaconate induced anti-oxidant cell response in primary brain cells. A) Itaconate induced expression of anti-oxidant-related genes in primary cortical neurons. B) NRF2, HMOX1, and actin protein expression in primary cortical neurons depicted as Western blotting. C) NRF2 and HMOX1 protein expression in primary cortical neurons depicted as band intensity normalized to actin (from Western blotting depicted in B). D) Expression of anti-oxidant related genes in primary astrocytes. E) Schematic overview of proteins involved in oxidative stress response. Slc7a11: cystine-glutamate transporter; Gclm: glutamate-cysteine ligase; Gsr: glutathione reductase; Gpx1: glutathione peroxidase 1; Nqo1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase; G6pd: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Hmox1: heme oxygenase 1. Cells were exposed to 2 mM exogenous itaconate for 48 h. Data are represented as means ± s.e.m. with three biological replicates (with two technical replicates for each gene expression study). All of the experiments were repeated two independent times with similar results. Student's t-test with *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.