Figure 6.

Itaconate reduced mortality from TBI with hemorrhagic shock. A) Mice were subjected to fluid percussion TBI followed by hemorrhage of 50% of the animal's blood volume. Volume resuscitation was accomplished by preserving the mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 70 mmHg for 4 h. Fluid resuscitation was accomplished using lactated Ringer's solution (LR), plasma expander Hextend, or Hextend supplemented with 15 mg/ml itaconate. B) Total resuscitation volume used to maintain the MAP above 70 mmHg 1 and 4 h after reperfusion in control groups compared to itaconate-infused group. Data are represented as means ± s.e.m., with Student's t-test *P < 0.05 4 h after reperfusion. C) Itaconate improved survival rates in a mouse model of TBI/shock (67% survival) compared to control groups with lactated Ringer's solution (LR) and plasma expander Hextend (17% survival). *P < 0.05. Experiments were performed with all groups n = 6 male mice aged 9 weeks.