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. 2019 Dec 28;11(1):57–67. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708052

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© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Model of the P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing hierarchy. When cells reach a threshold density, the las quorum sensing will be induced. LasI directs the synthesis of 3-oxo-C12-HSL, which then binds to and activates LasR. LasR regulates the production of PQS, which is conversed by PqsH from HHQ, catalyzed by PqsA-E. PQS either directly or indirectly induces rhlI, which leads to the production of C4-HSL that binds to and activates RhlR. Hence, PQS constitutes a regulatory link between the las and rhl quorum-sensing system. PQS binds to the transcriptional regulator PqsR to regulate biofilm formation and virulence factor production. The RhlR–C4-HSL complex can induce genes controlled by the rhl quorum-sensing system, such as biofilm formation and virulence factor production. 3-oxo-C12-HSL has an inhibitory effect on the association between RhlR and C4-HSL.