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. 2020 Feb 1;11(1):1–16. doi: 10.14336/AD.2019.0507

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Copyright: © 2019 Zhong et al.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 3. — Delayed development of neuropsychological behaviors and beneficial effects of pharmacological hypothermia after focal ischemic stroke. (A) The sucrose preference test was used to test anhedonic behavior in mice. In comparison to the sham, the stroke animals consumed significantly less sucrose 2-8 weeks post stroke and acute hypothermia treatment significantly increased the sucrose consumption at 4 weeks and 8 weeks post stroke. The main factor of treatment showed a significant difference (F=16.3, df =2, P < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the main factor of time (F = 2.24, df = 3, P = 0.088) or the interactions of time × treatment (F = 1.90, df = 6, P = 0.088). (B-C) The tail suspension (B) and forced swim test (C) were used to test the depression like behavior in mice. (B) In the tail suspension test, the stroke mice showed significantly increased immobile durations at 4-8 weeks after stroke and acute hypothermia treatment significantly reduced the immobility at 6 weeks and 8 weeks after stroke. Significant differences were detected in the main factor of time (F = 6.01, df = 3, P < 0.001), treatment (F = 11.24, df = 2, P < 0.001) and interaction of time × treatment (F = 4.79, df = 6, P < 0.001). (C) In the forced swim test, the stroke mice were immobile significantly longer than the sham and acute hypothermia treatment significantly reduced the immobility in stroke mice. There are significant differences in the main factor of time (F = 3.90, df = 3, P < 0.05) and treatment (F = 3.60, df = 2, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the interaction of time × treatment (F = 1.55, df = 6, P = 0.172) (D-E) The open field test was used to test the anxious-like behavior in mice. The walking traces of the test mice in the open field were shown as a representative (D). The animals traveled significantly less in the central region of the arena than sham at 6-7 weeks after stroke, while acute hypothermia treatment increased the ratio of traveling in the center region in these mice (E). (A-E, sham: n = 10, stroke: n = 10, stroke + hypothermia: n = 8) (* sham vs stroke; # stroke vs stroke + hypothermia; *, # P < 0.05, **, ## P < 0.01, ***, ### P < 0.001; Two-way ANOVA and One-way ANOVA with Fisher’s post hoc)