Table 3.
Multilevel Structural Equation Models Predicting Adolescent Substance Use Frequency at Age 13 and 14 Between and Within Cultural Groups
| Mother-Reported Adolescent Substance Use Model | Self-Reported Adolescent Substance Use Model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Within-Culture Level | ||||
| Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use Frequency at Age 13 (Mother-Reported Model) and Age 14 (Self-Reported Model) | ||||
| β | SE | β | SE | |
| Age 12 Depressive Symptoms | .11** | .04 | .10* | .05 |
| Age 12 Peer Support of Substance Use | .07 | .04 | .12** | .04 |
| Age 12 Opportunities for Substance Use | .20** | .05 | .16** | .03 |
| Age 10 Depressive Symptoms | −.10 | .06 | −.02 | .05 |
| Age 10 Externalizing Symptoms | .13** | .02 | .08* | .04 |
| Age 10 Interpersonal Skills | .06 | .05 | .03 | .03 |
| Age 9 Depressive Symptoms | −.01 | .07 | −.02 | .03 |
| Age 8 Behavioral Inhibition | −.05 | .03 | .03 | .04 |
| Age 8 Mother Education | −.06 | .02 | −.02 | .04 |
| Child Gender | .02 | .03 | .00 | .04 |
| Predictors of Depressive Symptoms at Age 12 | ||||
| Age 10 Depressive Symptoms | .34** | .06 | .25** | .03 |
| Age 10 Externalizing Symptoms | .00 | .04 | −.01 | .03 |
| Age 10 Interpersonal Skills | −.07** | .02 | −.03 | .02 |
| Child Gender | −.15** | .04 | −.16** | .05 |
| Predictors of Peer Support of Substance Use at Age 12 | ||||
| Age 10 Depressive Symptoms | .04 | .02 | .03 | .03 |
| Age 10 Externalizing Symptoms | .11** | .04 | .11** | .04 |
| Age 10 Interpersonal Skills | .05 | .05 | .03 | .04 |
| Child Gender | −.03 | .04 | −.03 | .04 |
| Predictors of Opportunities for Substance Use at Age 12 | ||||
| Age 10 Depressive Symptoms | .07 | .06 | .03 | .06 |
| Age 10 Externalizing Symptoms | .05 | .04 | .08 | .04 |
| Age 10 Interpersonal Skills | .01 | .03 | .00 | .03 |
| Child Gender | .02 | .04 | .01 | .04 |
| Predictors of Depressive Symptoms at Age 10 | ||||
| Age 9 Depressive Symptoms | .55** | .03 | .43** | .05 |
| Child Gender | −.02 | .03 | −.02 | .03 |
| Predictors of Externalizing Symptoms at Age 10 | ||||
| Age 9 Depressive Symptoms | .39** | .04 | .30** | .05 |
| Age 8 Behavioral Inhibition | .09** | .03 | .09** | .04 |
| Child Gender | .08 | .05 | .06 | .03 |
| Predictors of Interpersonal Skills at Age 10 | ||||
| Age 9 Depressive Symptoms | −.16** | .03 | −.20** | .05 |
| Child Gender | −.12** | .03 | −.14** | .04 |
| Predictors of Depressive Symptoms at Age 9 | ||||
| Age 8 Behavioral Inhibition | .30** | .03 | .21** | .03 |
| Child Gender | −.06 | .02 | .01 | .02 |
| Predictors of Age 8 Behavioral Inhibition | ||||
| Child Gender | .06* | .03 | −.08** | .02 |
| Between-Culture Level | ||||
| Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use Frequency at Age 13 (Mother-Reported Model) and Age 14 (Self-Reported Model) | ||||
| Age 12 Depressive Symptoms | .03 | .21 | .07 | .11 |
| Age 12 Peer Support of Substance Use | .23 | .49 | .29 | .20 |
| Age 12 Opportunities for Substance Use | .64 | .44 | .70** | .25 |
| Age 8 Mother Education | −.03 | .25 | .22 | .13 |
Note.
*
p ≤ .05
**
p ≤ .01
All reported parameter estimates are standardized. All contemporaneous predictors were correlated (e.g., all age 9 predictors were correlated with one another), but correlations are not reported here due to space limitations. Correlations can be obtained from the first author.