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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Transp Res D Transp Environ. 2019;77:132–147. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.003

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3.

Light-duty vehicle fuel use modeled in 2050. We show the combined impact of both changes in all scenarios, which would mimic the Wadud et al. (2016) results. We also run each scenario with only the Efficiency changes and only the Demand changes to gain insights into the relative impact of each set of drivers. Results are displayed in those categories, as well as a BAU result without vehicle automation. E85X represents a fuel blend of ethanol and gasoline such that the ethanol can constitute as much as 85% of the total fuel use for flex fuel vehicles.