Table 2. Study characteristics (left columns) and individual studies’ results (right columns).
For each of the studies included, methodological aspects, participants’ characteristics, and key results are displayed. RCT, randomized controlled trial, CT, controlled trial; MCE, motor control stabilisation exercise, Ctrl, control or comparison group; CLBP, chronic low back pain; N, number; f, female; m, male; SD, standard deviation; Mx, measurement visit number, VAS, visual analogue scale; NRS, numeric rating scale; ODI, Owestry disability index, RMDQ, Roland Morris disability questionnaire.
| First Author, year | Citation | Design, Arms | Main inclusion criterion lbp | N (Total, MCE, C, C2, …) | Age (Mean± SD) | Sex (f/m) | Baseline-pain (Scale, MW, SD if not stated otherwise) | Measurement time points total (N: weeks (if not, stated otherwise) after Baseline) | Primary outcome pain, name, Cohens d, (M0-M1, M0-M2, …) | Primary outcome disability name, Cohens d, (M0-M1, M0-M2, …) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bae, 2018 | [20] | RCT, 2 MCE Ctrl |
CLBP ≥ 12 weeks | 36 18 18 |
years 32.7±6.1 32.4±11 |
18/20 | VAS (0–10) 2.9±0.8 3.0±1.3 |
4: 4 8 16 |
VAS (0–10)1 1.25 1.75 |
ODI .19 .17 .24 |
| Critchley, 2007 | [21] | RCT, 3 MCE Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 |
CLBP ≥ 12weeks | 212 72 71 69 |
years 44±13 45±12 44±12 |
133/89 | NRS (0–100), mean, 95%CI 67, 61–73 60, 54–66 59, 52–65 |
4: 6 months 12 months 18 months |
NRS (0–10) .7 .6 .9 |
RMDQ 1.0 .7 .8 |
| Ferreira 2007 | [22] | RCT, 3 MCE Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 |
CLBP ≥ 12 weeks | 240 80 80 80 |
years 51.9±15.3 54.8±15.3 54.0±14.4 |
165/75 | VAS (0–10) 6.3±2.0 6.5±2.1 6.2±2.0 |
4: 8 24 48 |
VAS (0–10) .9 1 .7 |
RMDQ 1.2 1.1 .98 |
| Giesche 2017 | [23] | CT, 2 MCE Ctrl |
CLBP ≥24 weeks | 48 25 23 |
years 56.5±11.3 60.1±12.2 |
31/17 | NRS (0–10) 4.6±2.0 4.9±2.0 |
4: 2 3 8 |
NRS (0–10) .1 .55 .65 |
ODI .3 .34 |
| Kofotolis, 2016 | [27] | RCT, 3 MCE Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 |
CLBP ≥12 weeks | 101 37 36 28 |
years 41.2±8.5 42.7±6.1 39.1±8.7 |
101/0 | SF-36 pain 38.51±12.62 36.93±15.5 39.4±14.5 |
5: 4 8 12 20 |
SF-36 pain (0–100) 1.9 3,2 2,9 |
RMDQ .75 1.2 1.1 |
| Macedo, 2012 | [27] | RCT, 2 MCE Ctrl |
CLBP ≥ 12 weeks |
158 76 82 |
years 48.7±13.7 49.6±16.3 |
102/56 | NRS (0–10) 6.1±2.1 6.1±1.9 |
4: 8 6 months 12 months |
NRS (0–10) .95 .95 1.1 |
RMDQ .8 .7 .8 |
| Marshall, 2013 | [24] | RCT,2 MCE Ctrl |
Recurrent LBP ≥ 12 weeks | 64 32 32 |
years 36.2 ± 8.2 36.2 ± 6.2 |
40/24 | VAS (0–10) 3.6 ± 2.1 4.5 ± 2.5 |
3: 8 6 months |
VAS (0–10) .9 .76 |
ODI .93 .93 |
| Rasmussen-Barr, 2003 | [25] | RCT, 2 MCE Ctrl |
LBP sub-acute, chronic or recurrent ≥ 6 weeks |
42 22 20 |
years 39± 12 37± 10 |
12, 35 | VAS (0–100), median 25th /75th 33 (27/49) 32 (21/49) |
4: 6 3 months 12 months |
VAS (0–100) 1.6 1.3 |
ODI 1.9 1.8 |
| Rasmussen-Barr, Eva, 2009 | [26] | RCT, 2 MCE Ctrl |
LBP ≥ 8 weeks | 71 36 35 |
years 37± 10 40± 12 |
35, 36 | VAS (0–100), VAS (0–100), median 25th /75th 32 (18/75) 38 (23/62) |
5: 8 6 months 12 months 36 months |
VAS (0–100), .8 .9 |
OSD .9 1.4 |
| Unsgaard-Tondel, 2010 | [19] | CT, 3 MCE Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 |
CLPB | 109 36 36 37 |
years 41± 12 43± 10 36± 10 |
33, 76 | NRS (0–10) 3.3 ± 1.3 3.6 ± 1.7 3.3 ± 1.9 |
3: 8 1 year |
NRS (0–10) .37 .27 |
ODI .9 N.A. |