Size-dependent properties. (A) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, to verify heterogeneity, separate, and purify AuNCs into fractions or subpopulations of specific size (line 1, original sample; line 2, fraction #1; line 3, fraction #2; line 4, fraction #3). (B) Absorbance spectroscopy of gold nanoclusters, as-produced mixture, and purified fractions. Adapted with permission from ref. [93] Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.