Table 2.

Compounds that reduced the incidence of the dystrophic phenotype in zebrafish models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Therapeutic group, mechanism	Compound (PubChem CID)	% affected	Survival	Reference
PDE inhibitors	aminophylline (9433)	5–17.5	extended	[77, 98, 99]
	ibudilast (3671)	15		[77]
	rolipram (5092)	17		[77]
	dipyridamole (3108)	17		[77]
	sildenafil citrate (5212)	15	extended	[98]
dopamine agonists	ergotamine (8223)	0		[99]
	ropinirole (5095)	0–16		[99]
	pergolide (47811)	5		[99]
serotonin, SSRI’s	serotonin (5202)	0		[99]
	fluoxetine (3386)	0	mixed	[99]
	paroxetine (43815)	17		[99]
chelating agents	pentetic acid (3053)	7.5–10	extended	[77]
	flunarizine (941361)	10		[99]
steriods	androsterone acetate (6432116)	7.5–18.4		[98]
	equilin (223368)	5–10	no effect	[77]
antihistamines	conessine (441082)	10–12.5	toxic	[77]
	homochlorcyclizine dihydrochloride (656590)	10–12.5	toxic	[77]
lipid synthesis inhibitor	cerulenin (5282054)	2.5–10	extended	[98]
immunosuppressent	crassin acetate (5355441)	2.5–12.5	extended	[98]
anti-inflammatory	epirizole (3242)	10–15	extended	[77]
antiprotozoal	nitromide (4511)	7.5–12.5		[98]
antioxidant	pomiferin (4871)	10–12.5		[98]
smooth muscle relaxant	propantheline bromide (9279)	12.5–15		[98]
cardiotonic	proscillaridin A (5284613)	10	toxic	[77]
vasoconstrictor	9a,11b-prostaglandin F2 (5280886)	7.5–10	no effect	[98]

Embryos were treated starting at 1 dpf. Compounds that reduced the incidence of the affected dystrophic phenotype at 4 dpf by 30% or more, i.e. from the expected 25% of larvae to 17.5% or less, are compiled in the table. Some compounds were subsequently tested for their effect on the survival of 1 dpf [99] or 4 dpf [98, 99] affected larvae. Abbreviations: dpf, days post-fertilization; PDE, phosphodiesterase; SSRI, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor.