Table 2.

Longitudinal analyses between disability, societal costs, healthcare costs and health-related quality of life

Results disability	Crude			Adjusted
Disability ODI (0–100)	Beta	95% CI		Beta	95% CI
		Lower bound	Upper bound		Lower bound	Upper bound
Total costs-societal perspectivea	24	20	29	17	14	20
Total costs-health care perspectiveb	10	9	12	8	6	9
Health-related quality of lifec	− 0.0096	− 0.0099	− 0.0093

Scores for health-related quality of life were transformed to a range of 0–100 to enable comparability

^aAdjusted for health-related quality of life, physical health, MPI life control, MPI_Inteference, MPI_Pain severity, mental health, disability

^bAdjusted for physical health (SF-36), pain impact experience (MPI interference), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D)

^cNo confounding factors; none of the confounders changed the regression co-efficient by more than 10%