. 2019 Sep 17;29(1):275–287. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02302-w

Table 7.

Longitudinal analyses between pain, societal costs, healthcare costs, and health-related quality of life among women

Results pain	Crude			Adjusted
Pain (0–100)	Beta	95% CI		Beta	95% CI
Pain (0–100)	Beta	Lower bound	Upper bound	Beta	Lower bound	Upper bound
Total costs-societal perspective^a	8	7	10	6	5	7
Total costs-health care perspective^b	4	3	4	2	2	3
Health-related quality of life^c	− 0.0039	− 0.0041	− 0.0038

^aAdjusted for health-related quality of life, physical health, MPI life control, mental health, disability

^bAdjusted for MPI life control, MPI_Inteference, MPI_Pain severity, health-related quality of life, physical health (SF-36), mental health

^cNo confounding factors; none of the confounders changed the regression co-efficient by more than 10%