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. 2019 Sep 17;29(1):275–287. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02302-w

Table 9.

Longitudinal analyses between pain, societal costs, healthcare costs, and health-related quality of life—using an unstructured correlation structure

Results pain Crude Adjusted
Pain (0–100) Beta 95% CI Beta 95% CI
Lower bound Upper bound Lower bound Upper bound
Total costs-societal perspectivea 8 7 10 5 4 7
Total costs-health care perspectiveb 4 3 5 2 2 3
Health-related quality of lifea − 0.0041 − 0.0043 − 0.0039

aAdjusted for health-related quality of life, physical health, MPI life control, mental health, disability

bAdjusted for MPI life control, MPI_Inteference, MPI_Pain severity, health-related quality of life, physical health (SF-36), mental health

cNo confounding factors; none of the confounders changed the regression co-efficient by more than 10%