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. 2020 Jan 9;10:2908. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02908

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Copyright © 2020 Ráduly, Szabó, Madar, Pócsi and Csernoch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Risk of mycotoxin exposure in the feed and food chain. Mycotoxins, like aflatoxins (e.g., AFB1), go through biotransformation in the livestock and different metabolites are produced, such as AFM1, which can be excreted into the milk, where AFM1 can bind to casein. After digestion, AFM1 is released from the casein – AFM1 complexes. The consumption of high amounts of dairy products contaminated with AFM1 can lead to acute mycotoxicosis (for references, see the text). The carry-over rates of mycotoxins show seasonal differences, and there are other diverse factors influencing the prevalence of carry-over, e.g., the quantity of mycotoxins in the feed and the excreted amount of toxin in the milk. The geographical location and feeding practice could also affect the carry-over rates, which could be even 6%, regarding AFs (Völkel et al., 2011).