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. 2020 Jan 15;10:305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57246-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of atrial fibrillation (AF)-induced remodelling processes and electrophysiological properties and calcium dynamics in the human sinoatrial node (SAN) cell model. (A) Schematic presentation of the cell model. Formulations for AF-induced remodelled currents and fluxes (red) were based directly on experimental data of the canine model of pacing-induced AF. The model includes four compartments: bulk myoplasm (myo), junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (JSR), network sarcoplasmic reticulum (NSR), and subspace (SS). Currents into the subspace: funny current (I_f; representing both sodium and potassium components), L-type calcium current (I_CaL), T-type calcium current (I_CaT), fast sodium current (I_Na), transient outward potassium current (I_to), rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (I_Kr), slow delayed rectifier potassium current (I_Ks), ultrarapid delayed rectifier potassium current (I_Kur), acetylcholine-sensitive muscarinic potassium current (I_KACh), sodium-calcium exchange current (I_NCX) and sodium-potassium pump current (I_NaK). Ionic fluxes: calcium flux (J_rel) through ryanodine receptor (RyR), NSR to JSR calcium translocation (J_tr), calcium uptake (J_up) into NSR via SERCA/phospholamban (PLB) and diffusion calcium flux from subspace to myoplasm (J_diff). AF-induced targets: I_f, I_CaT, I_CaL, J_rel R and J_up. (B) Relative conductance between normal and SND conditions.