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. 2020 Jan 15;10:305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57246-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Action potentials (V_m) and the heart rate of the human sinoatrial node (SAN) cell. (A,B) Comparison of action potentials (V_m) and maximum rate of rise of membrane potential ((dV/dt)_max) between normal and SND conditions. (C) AF-induced electrophysiological remodelling slowed the heart rate. (D) Simulated results are compared with the clinical findings (Barra et al.⁶⁴, Mun et al.¹⁷, Chang et al.⁶⁵, Hocini et al.⁶⁶, Chen et al.⁶⁷ and Killu et al.⁶⁸) in patients with SND after catheter ablation of AF.