Table 1.
Demographic data of all the study participants.
| Cognitive disability (n = 4,145) | Intact cognition (n = 6,436) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 2,104 (50.8) | 3,205(49.8) | 0.33 |
| Age (y/o) | 76.4 ± 8.3 | 71.1 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
| 18–64 | 411 (9.9) | 1,690 (26.3) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| College or higher | 92 (2.2) | 131 (2.0) | |
| Senior high school | 305 (7.4) | 552 (8.6) | |
| Junior high school | 378 (9.1) | 1,125 (17.5) | |
| Primary school | 2,550 (61.5) | 4,033 (62.7) | |
| No education | 820 (19.8) | 595 (9.3) | |
| Residence | <0.001 | ||
| Community dwelling | 3,336 (80.5) | 6,044 (93.9) | |
| Institution | 809 (19.5) | 392 (6.1) | |
| Urbanization level | <0.001 | ||
| Rural | 567 (13.7) | 724 (11.3) | |
| Suburban | 1,505 (36.3) | 2,219 (34.5) | |
| Urban | 2,073 (50.0) | 3,493 (54.3) | |
| Work status | <0.001 | ||
| Employment | 13 (0.3) | 219 (3.4) | |
| Unemployment | 4,132 (99.7) | 6,217 (96.6) | |
| Family economic status | 0.51 | ||
| General | 4,112 (99.2) | 6,392 (99.3) | |
| Middle low and low | 33 (0.8) | 44 (0.7) | |
| Modified H&Y Stage | <0.001 | ||
| Stage 3 | 879 (21.2) | 3,052 (47.4) | |
| Stage 4 | 1,658 (40.0) | 2,737 (42.5) | |
| Stage 5 | 1,608 (38.8) | 647 (10.1) | |
| WHODAS 2.0 | |||
| Cognition (domain 1) | 81.1 ± 14.2 | 29.0 ± 17.1 | <0.001 |
| Mobility (domain 2) | 75.3 ± 22.8 | 47.8 ± 24.9 | <0.001 |
| Self-care (domain 3) | 52.6 ± 34.1 | 30.7 ± 25.2 | <0.001 |
| Getting along (domain 4) | 83.8 ± 19.7 | 44.2 ± 27.0 | <0.001 |
| Life activities (domain 5-1) | 85.2 ± 32.7 | 60.6 ± 37.9 | <0.001 |
| Participation in society (domain 6) | 62.1 ± 23.1 | 40.4 ± 21.1 | <0.001 |
| Summary score | 72.8 ± 15.2 | 40.8 ± 16.3 | <0.001 |
PwP, People with Parkinson's disease; H&Y, Modified Hoehn-Yahr Stage; WHODAS, WHO Disability Assessment Scale. Data was presented as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation.