Table 2.
Studies characteristics.
| References | Study type | Intensity and description of exercise | Subjects | Inflammatory markers | Measure points | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gonzalo-Calvo et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional | Intense: 10 km-race (89.12% VO2max) | 9 M Amateur runners Training experience: 6.6 ± 5.0 yr and 69.7 ± 5.0 km/wk |
PBMC: WBC, lymphocytes Cytokines: IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 |
1.5 h before exer, 10 min, 1 day and 3 days after | ↑WBC, Lymphocytes and NK cells 10 min after exer ↑CK from 10 min to 1 day after exer ↔IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and CRP |
| Intense: HM (81.50% VO2max) | CRP CK |
↑WBC, NK cells, IL-6, IL-10 and CRP 10 min after exer ↑NK cells 10 min and 1 day after exer ↑CK and CRP from 10 min to 1 day and ↓after that ↔Lymphocytes and IL-8 |
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| Intense: Marathon (68.70% VO2max) | ↑WBC, NK cells, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CRP 10 min after exer ↑CK and CRP from 10 min to 1 day and ↓after that ↔Lymphocytes |
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| Wadley et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional | Intense: LV-HIIE (90% VO2max) and high (80% VO2max) 10 × 1 min cycling of LV-HIIE with 1 min interval 20 min cycling of high exercise |
10 M Untrained |
PBMC: Lymphocytes Cytokines: IL-6 and IL-10 |
Before, at the end and 30 min after exer | ↑Lymphocytes at the end, returns to baseline in 30 min ↑IL-10 30 min at the end ↑IL-6 at the end and 30 min after exer |
| Moderate: cycled for 27 min(60% VO2max) | ↑Lymphocytes at the end and returns to baseline in 30 min ↑IL-6 at the end and 30 min after exer ↔IL-10 |
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| Ulven et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Cycled for 1 h repeated twice (70% VO2max, % HRmax ≅ 87.8%, and Borg scale ≅ 15.4) |
10 M Very good physical fitness |
Cytokines: IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α | Before and at the end of cycle test | ↑IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α at the end of exer |
| Azizbeigi et al. (2015) | Controlled Trial | Intense: Resistance training (85–90% of 1 RM) 3 sets of 10–12 repetitions and 1–2 min rest between sets Moderate: Resistance training (65–70% of 1 RM) 3 sets of 3–6 repetitions and 3–4 min rest between sets |
30 M (10 control, 10 moderate intensity and 10 high intensity) Untrained but physically active (running, volleyball or soccer) |
Cytokines: IL-6 and TNF-α CK |
Before, at the end and 3 days after training program | ↔IL-6, TNF-α, and CK |
| Stelzer et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Cycling race (98.68% HRmax) 8 h of competition and 8 h of rest during 4 days |
7 (3 F: 4 M) Moderately trained amateur athletes Training experience 7.5 ± 3.9 h/wk |
PBMC: WBC and lymphocytes Cytokines: IL-6 CK |
2 days pre-race and 15 min post-race | ↑WBC, lymphocytes, IL-6, and CK post-race |
| Abbasi et al. (2013) | Cross-sectional | Intense: HM in competition conditions (V ≅ 13.26 km/h for men and 11.11 km/h for women) Timing: 95.5 ± 8 min for men and 114 ± 12 min for women |
16 (8 F: 8 M) Well-trained athletes Training experience: endurance training for at least 2 yr; |
PBMC: WBC and lymphocytes; | Before, 30 min, 3 h and 24 h after exer; |
↑WBC at 30 min and 3 h after exer↓Lymphocytes at 30 min and 3 h after exer |
| Draganidis et al. (2013) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Resistance training: squat, seated leg extension, horizontal leg curls, barbell side lunges, and calf raises; (85–90% 1 RM) 4 sets, 4–6 repetitions per set with 3 min rest Training during around 40–45 min following of 10 min warm-up |
10 M Elite football players Training experience: 6 training sessions/wk |
PBMC: WBC CRP CK |
After, at the end, and daily for 3 days after the exer | ↑CRP at the end to 1 day and after returns to baseline ↑CK at 2 days and after returns to baseline ↔WBC |
| Moderate: Resistance training: squat, seated leg extension, horizontal leg curls, barbell side lunges, and calf raises (65–70% 1 RM) 4 sets, 8–10 repetitions per set with 1 min rest Training during around 40–45 min following of 10 min warm-up |
↑WBC and CRP at 1 day and after returns to baseline Higher elevation in CRP, at the end and 24 h after exer ↑CK at 1 day and after returns to baseline |
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| Marklund et al. (2013) | Cross-sectional | Moderate: 24 h ultra-endurance exer: running, cycling, and kayaking (46–63% VO2max); 12 sets of 110 min of exer with 10 min rest for food intake |
9 M Well-trained ultra-endurance athletes Training experience: competed in races with long distance (>48 h) |
PBMC: WBC Cytokines: IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α CRP CK |
Before, at the end and 28 h after the exer | ↑WBC, IL-6 and CK at the end and ↓28 h after exerc ↑IL-8 and CRP at the end and further ↑at 28 h ↔TNF-α and IL-1β |
| Nieman et al. (2012) | Cross-sectional | Intense: 1.75 h cycling followed by 10 km time trial as fast as possible (18.3 ± 1.7 min) total of 2.1 h cycling (Borg scale = 13.3 ± 1.1 and 82.2 ± 6.1% HR max) | 31 M Trained cyclists Training experience: cycling 75 km |
PBMC: WBC and lymphocytes Cytokines: TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1β |
Before, at the end and 1 h post-exer | ↑WBC and lymphocyte at the end and ↓1 h after exer ↑TNF- α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1β at the end of exer ↓TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 1 h after; IL-10 and IL-1β continued to ↑1 h after |
| Bernecker et al. (2011) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Marathon (89.3% HRmax) |
12 M Training experience: Finished HM before |
PBMC: WBC Cytokines: IL-6 and TNF- α |
Before and 1 h after exer | ↑WBC, IL-6, and TNF-α 1 h after exer |
| Spiropoulos et al. (2010) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Ultra-endurance foot race over a distance of 246 km (9.08 MET by middle age) Finished the race in <36 h |
10 M Training experience: done an equal race before |
PBMC: WBC Cytokines: IL-6; CRP |
Before, at the end and 2 days after race | ↑WBC, IL-6 and CRP at the end of exer, IL-6 and WBC return to baseline 2 days after but CRP still ↑ |
| Fatouros et al. (2006)* | Cross-sectional | Intense: 4 × 3 wk resistance training period divided in t1, t2, t3, and t4 t1 and t4: low-volume 70 %1 RM (t1 and t4), 75–85% 1 RM (t2) and 85–100% 1 RM (t3); 2 times per wk, 2 sets per exer, 10–12 repeats per set t2: high-volume training (4 times per wk, 4 sets per exer, 6–10 repeats per set) t3: very-high-volume training (6 times per wk, 6 sets per exer, 1–6 repeats per set); |
17 M Amateur athletes |
CRP CK |
Before and 96 h after each session of exer | ↑CRP after t2 and t3 ↑CK after t3 and t4 |
| Degerstrøm and Østerud (2006) | Cross-sectional | Intense: 2 sets of 30 min run with 4 h rest (80% VO2max) |
7 M 5 elite skiers and 3 competing at the district level Training experience: 1 to 2 times/day |
PBMC: WBC and lymphocytes Cytokines: IL-6 and IL-8 |
Before, at the end each run and 2 h after second run | WBC: ↑at the end 1st race; ↓before 2nd race; ↑more at the end 2nd race than 1st; ↓2 h after 2nd race; Lymphocytes and IL-8 ↑after 1st and 2nd run, and IL-8 ↓2 h after 2nd race ↔IL-6 |
| Connolly et al. (2004) | Controlled Trial | Intense: 30 min cycling (80% VO2max) |
15 M Amateur athletes |
PBMC: WBC and lymphocytes Cytokines: IL-6 |
Before, at the end and 1 h after exer | ↑WBC and lymphocytes at the end of exer and return to baseline ↑IL-6 1 h after exer |
| Bonsignore et al. (2001) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Marathon (15.07 MET by middle age) |
8 M Amateur athletes Training experience: 77 ± 15 km/wk and 14 ± 10 yr |
PBMC: WBC and lymphocytes | After and at the end of exer | ↑WBC at the end of exer↓Lymphocytes at the end of exer |
| Mucci et al. (1999) | Controlled Trial | Intense: (75and 100% of VO2max); Moderate: (50% of VO2max); Cycling at 30 Watts for untrained and 60 watts for trained athletes with successive increases of 30 watts every minute (at the end of test the increase was smaller) |
22 M 11 highly trained endurance athletes (athletes group) Training experience: 5.2 ± 06 yr and 16.3 ± 1 h/wk |
Cytokines: IL-1β and IL-8 | Before the exer, at 50% VO2max, 75% VO2max, 100% VO2max and recovery (5 min after) | ↑IL-1β both intensities and returns to baseline in recovery↑IL-8 both intensities and returns to baseline in recovery |
| 11 untrained group but physically active (control) | ↑IL-8 at 100% VO2max↔IL-1β | |||||
| Brenner et al. (1999)# | Randomize controlled Trial | Intense: Cycling for 5 min (90% VO2max) |
8 M Moderately fit |
PBMC: NK cells and NK Cytolytic activity Cytokines: IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 CK |
30 min before, at the end, 3 h, 1 day and 3 days after each test | ↑NK cells at the end of exer and return to baseline 3 h after ↑Citolytic activity at the end of exer; ↓IL-10 from 3 h to 3 days after ↔IL-6, TNF- α, and CK |
| Upper limit of moderate: 2 h cycling (60–65% VO2max) |
↑NK cells at the end of exer and return to baseline 3 h after ↑Citolytic activity at the end of exer ↑IL-6 at the end to 3 h after exer ↑TNF-α from 3 h to 3 days after exer ↔IL-10 |
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| Moderate: 3 sets of 10 repeats in resistance training (bicep curl, knee extension, hamstring, curl, bench press, and leg press) (60–70% 1 RM) |
↑NK cells at the end of exer and return to baseline 3 h after ↑CK 3 days after exer ↔IL-10, IL-6, IL-10 and NK cells cytolytic activity |
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| Ostrowski et al. (1999) | Cross-sectional | Intense: Marathon (75.33% VO2max) | 10 M | Cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 | 1 wk before, at the end and every 30 min in the 4 h after exer | ↑TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 at the end ↓IL-10 and IL-6 (immediately) ↓TNF-α and IL-1β (slowly) |
↑, significant increase; ↓, significant decrease; ↔, no change; 1 RM, one repeat maximum; 1st, first; 2nd, second; CK, creatinine kinase; CRP, C-reactive protein; Exer, exercise; F, Female; h, hour; HIGH, high intensity; HM, half marathon; HRmax, maximum heart rate; IL, interleukin; LV-HIIE, high intensity interval exercise; M, male; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cel; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; V, velocity; VO2max, maximum rate of oxygen consumption; WBC, white blood cells; wk, week; yr, years;
*
<75% in STROBE quality scale;
#
<75% in CONSORT quality scale.