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. 2020 Jan 15;10:381. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57250-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–c) Profiles of chloride concentrations and δ¹⁸O and δ²H values. (d,e): Plots of δ¹⁸O value versus chloride concentration and δ¹⁸O versus δ²H values. Gray dots are data from terrestrial mud volcanoes for comparison⁷⁴. The black line in (e) indicates the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL; δ²H = 8 × δ¹⁸O + 10). Areas denote with “LRW” and “GW” in (e) marked the ranges of isotopic compositions for local meteoric water and groundwater from adjacent onshore areas, respectively⁷⁵; gray square area represents the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of marine clay^48–51. Arrows marked with numbers in (d) and (e) represent processes potentially occurring at the source depth, and their directions denote the trends associated with the processes⁸: 1: volcanic ash alteration at temperatures lower than 300 ^oC; 2: volcanic ash alteration at temperatures higher than 300 ^oC; 3: gas hydrate dissociation; 4: biogenic opal recrystallization; 5: clay mineral dehydration; 6: meteoric water input.