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. 2020 Jan 15;10:381. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57250-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Isotopic compositions of fluids under different fluid-rock ratios (W/R) at different temperatures. The star symbol represents the seawater value (δ¹⁸O = 0‰; δ²H = 0‰). The gray line is the global meteoric water line (GMWL). Data obtained from the bottom part of site MD4-P3 are plotted as black dots. The open circles denote δ¹⁸Oⁱ and δ²Hⁱ values of smectite used in each case: (a) δ¹⁸Oⁱ-rock = +19‰; δ²Hⁱ of rock = −39‰. (b) δ¹⁸Oⁱ-rock = +23‰; δ²Hⁱ of rock = −51‰. (c) δ¹⁸Oⁱ-rock = +28‰; δ²Hⁱ of rock = −66‰.