Table 1.
Summary of clinicopathological characteristics of all neuroendocrine neoplasms (n=82)
| Characteristic | Grade 1 (n=20) | Grade 2 (n=47) | Grade 3 |
p-valuea) | p-valueb) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=15) | G3-NET (n=8) | NEC (n=7) | |||||
| Age (yr) | 49 (34-69) | 53 (12-81) | 58 (27-81) | 57 (39-81) | 63 (27-77) | 0.207 | 0.904 |
| Sex (male:female) | 10:10 | 28:19 | 8:7 | 4:4 | 4:3 | 0.749 | 0.782 |
| Type of surgery | |||||||
| PD | 9 (45.0) | 16 (34.0) | 9 (60.0) | 4 (50.0) | 5 (71.4) | 0.002 | 0.529 |
| DP | 9 (45.0) | 30 (63.8) | 4 (26.7) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (14.3) | ||
| TP | 0 | 0 | 2 (13.3) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (14.3) | ||
| Enucleation | 2 (10.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Tumor location | |||||||
| Head/Uncinate | 12 (60.0) | 17 (36.2) | 8 (53.3) | 4 (50.0) | 4 (57.1) | 0.071 | 0.448 |
| Body/Tail | 8 (40.0) | 30 (63.8) | 6 (40.0) | 4 (50.0) | 2 (28.6) | ||
| Entire pancreas | 0 | 0 | 1 (6.7) | 0 | 1 (14.3) | ||
| Multiplicity | 1 (5.0, two) | 1 (2.1, three) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.629 | - |
| Tumor size (cm) | 2.2 (0.7-5.5) | 3.0 (1.1-20.0) | 5.0 (2.3-9.0) | 5.6 (2.6-9.0) | 3.7 (2.3-8.0) | 0.005 | 0.234 |
| Functional status | |||||||
| Insulin | 8c) (40.0) | 3 (6.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | < 0.001 | - |
| Glucagon | 1 (5.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Gastrin | 3c) (15.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Non-functioning | 9 (45.0) | 42 (89.4) | 15 (100) | 8 (100) | 7 (100) | ||
| Genetic syndrome | 3 (15.0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.051 | - |
| (MEN type 1) | (VHL syndrome) | ||||||
| Growth pattern | |||||||
| Expansile | 6 (30.0) | 18 (38.3) | 4 (26.7) | 4 (50.0) | 0 | 0.615 | 0.077 |
| Infiltrative | 7 (35.0) | 10 (21.3) | 6 (40.0) | 1 (12.5) | 5 (71.4) | ||
| Mixed | 7 (35.0) | 19 (40.4) | 5 (33.3) | 3 (37.5) | 2 (28.6) | ||
| Adjacent organ invasion | 1 (5.0) | 11 (23.4) | 9 (60.0) | 3 (37.5) | 6 (85.7) | 0.001 | 0.057 |
| pT category (AJCC 8th) | |||||||
| pT1 | 9 (45.0) | 8 (17.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.001 | 0.626 |
| pT2 | 6 (30.0) | 20 (42.6) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (12.5) | 0 | ||
| pT3 | 5 (25.0) | 15 (31.9) | 12 (80.0) | 6 (75.0) | 6 (85.7) | ||
| pT4 | 0 | 4 (8.5) | 2 (13.3) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (14.3) | ||
| LN metastasis (pN1) | 3 (15.0) | 13 (27.7) | 7 (46.7) | 2 (25.0) | 5 (71.4) | 0.301 | 0.072 |
| Lymphatic invasion | 4 (20.0) | 19 (40.4) | 11 (73.3) | 5 (62.5) | 6 (85.7) | 0.007 | 0.569 |
| Venous invasion | 1 (5.0) | 14 (29.8) | 9 (60.0) | 5 (62.5) | 4 (57.1) | 0.002 | > 0.99 |
| Perineural invasion | 1 (5.0) | 8 (17.0) | 7 (46.7) | 3 (37.5) | 4 (57.1) | 0.010 | > 0.99 |
| Mitosis (/10 HPF) | 1 (0-1) | 2 (0-13) | 20 (4-86) | 15 (4-26) | 24 (13-86) | < 0.001 | 0.084 |
| Ki-67 (%) | 1.5 (0.4-2.9) | 4.9 (0.4-17.5) | 34.4 (14.2-77.8) | 23.0 (14.2-34.4) | 57.0 (40.5-77.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Local recurrence | 0 | 3 (6.4) | 3 (20.0) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (28.6) | 0.077 | 0.569 |
| Distant metastasis | 3 (15.0) | 21 (44.7) | 13 (86.7) | 8 (100) | 5 (71.4) | < 0.001 | 0.200 |
| Current status | |||||||
| Alive | 15 (75.0) | 35 (74.5) | 6 (40.0) | 4 (50.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0.008 | 0.626 |
| Death of disease | 1 (5.0) | 3 (6.4) | 6 (40.0) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (42.9) | ||
| Loss of follow-up | 4 (20.0) | 9 (19.1) | 3 (20.0) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (28.6) | ||
| OS (mo) | 59 (4-116) | 59 (0-145) | 23 (0-103) | 49 (13-103) | 16 (0-31) | 0.086 | 0.018 |
| DFS (mo) | 48 (0-116) | 26 (0-145) | 9 (2-60) | 9 (2-60) | 8 (2-17) | 0.004 | 0.205 |
| Adjuvant treatment | 2 (10.0) | 15 (31.9) | 6 (40.0) | 3 (37.5) | 3 (42.9) | 0.094 | > 0.99 |
Values are presented as median (range) or number (%). PD, pancreaticoduodenectomy; DP, distal pancreatectomy; TP, total pancreatectomy; VHL, von Hippel-Lindau; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; LN, lymph node; HPF, high-power field; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival.
a)
Between grades 1, 2, and 3,
b)
Between G3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma,
c)
Increased serum insulin and gastrin levels in one case.