Figure 4:

Modification of the temporal pattern of inputs perturbs cortical activity and movement. a, Experimental design. Mice expressing ChR2 in thalamic neurons performed the task during recording of cortical activity and optogenetic stimulation of thalamocortical terminals. b, Left: example average hand trajectory on control trials and stimulation trials with stimulation frequencies of 4, 10, and 40 Hz from a single experimental session. Data from all animals (n = 3 mice, n = 6 sessions) shown in Extended Data Fig. 9. Time limits are cue −250 ms to cue +1000 ms. Right: average neural activity (first two principal components) in the same session. Dots indicate the end of the trajectory at cue +1000 ms. c, Left: average Euclidean distance from the hand position in each stimulation condition to the control hand position at the same time point. Each curve shows a single experimental session (n = 3 animals; n = 6 sessions). Center: Euclidean distance from the neural state in the stimulated conditions to the neural state in the control condition. Right: distance from hand trajectory to control vs distance from the neural trajectory to control.