Fig. 7.

Flow patterns in the total cavopulmonary connection model of a patient with heterotaxy syndrome who had undergone the Fontan procedure (complex model). Flow is illustrated by pathlines, lines that dye or particles injected into the velocity field would follow over time. Red pathlines originate from the hepatic veins. Green pathlines originate from the azygous vein. Aqua pathlines originate from the right superior vena cava. Blue pathlines originate from the left superior vena cava. Under all experimental conditions, helical secondary flows are seen with the non-Newtonian fluid but not with the Newtonian fluid. Vortexes are also present in the mid-pulmonary artery segment in both low-cardiac output conditions with the non-Newtonian fluid but not with the Newtonian fluid. Azy, azygous vein; H, helical flow; Hep, conduit from hepatic veins; IVC, inferior vena cava; LPA, left pulmonary artery; LSVC, left superior vena cava; RPA, right pulmonary artery; RSVC, right superior vena cava; SVC, superior vena cava; V, vortex.