Table 2.
Extraction and detection methods of O-acetylated Neu5Ac.
| Conditions | +/− | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaline conditions | – | Acetyl migrations (C7 and C9 OAc’s) | [47,62] |
| Glycan release by NaOH | – | Loss of esters | [48] |
| Acidic hydrolysis with propionic acid vs. acetic acid | / | Loss of esters. Minimal if propionic acid (2M, 4 h, 80 °C) is used | [46,47,63,64] |
| Histochemical staining Mild periodic-Schiff | + | Stain after hydrolytic removal (General method) | [65] |
| Mild oxidation | + | Indirect quantitative determination by formaldehyde production (For C8 and C9 OAcs) | [66] |
| Lectin staining | + | from crab Cancer antennarius (For C9 OAc) | [49] |
| + | from snail Achatina fulica (For C9 OAc) | [67,68,69,70] | |
| Viral lectin staining | + | from influenza C (For C9 and C4 OAc) | [64,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80] |
| + | infection salmon anemia virus (For C4 OAc) | [81,82] | |
| Coronavirus | + | Murine coronavirus (For C4 OAc) | [83,84] |
| Porcine torovirus (For C9 OAc) | [85,86] | ||
| Bovine torovirus (For C7(8), C9 OAc) | [85] | ||
| Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (For C9 OAc) | [87,88] | ||
| Puffin coronavirus (For C4 OAc) | [84,89] | ||
| Human coronavirus OC43 (For C9 OAc) | [90,91] | ||
| Bovine coronavirus (For C9 OAc) | [85,92,93,94] | ||
| + | Sialodacryo-adenitis virus (For C4 OAc) | [71] | |
| Monoclonal antibodies (For OAc gangliosides) | |||
| + | MAb Jones | [95] | |
| + | MAb UM4D4 | [96] | |
| + | MAb U5 | [97] | |
| + | MAb 7H2 | [98] | |
| MALDI mass spectrometry imaging | + | (For OAc gangliosides) | [50,51] |
+ = good/acceptable method; – = poor method and results in complications.