Table 3.

Compilation of relevant studies associated with C₄ O-acetylated Neu5Ac.

Topic	References
Chemical synthesis
Synthesis of Neu4,5Ac2 and Neu4,5,9Ac3 methylate	[104]
Synthesis of Neu4,5Ac2 with methylcoumarin	[105]
Synthesis of fluorescent 4-O-acetyl thioketosides Neu5Ac	[106]
Synthesis of 4-O-acetyl ketosides of Neu5Ac	[107]
Synthesis of 4-O-acetyl containing GM3s	[108]
Synthesis of Neu4,5Ac2; Neu4,5,9Ac3; Neu4,5,8,9Ac4; Neu2,4,5,8,9Ac5; Neu4,5,7,8,9Ac5	[13,109,110]
Structural analysis
Identification of Neu4,5Ac2, Neu5,9Ac2, Neu4,5,9Ac3, Neu5,7,9Ac3, Neu4Ac5Gc, Neu9Ac5Gc by mass spectrometry	[60]
NMR studies on Neu4,5Ac2(α2→3) lactose	[38]
FAB-MS analysis of C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac	[111]
Characterization of O-acetylated GM3s in equine erythrocytes	[112]
Computational/conformational studies on Neu4,5Ac2	[113]
Molecular dynamics studies on C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac on hemagglutinin activity and its receptor binding site	[114]
Oxidative studies
Periodate oxidation on Neu4,5Ac2 studies	[104]
Periodate oxidation on Neu4,5Ac2 of murine erythrocyte ghosts	[115]
Periodate oxidation on O-acetyl sialosides from rat salivary glands	[116]
Isolation of C4-O-acetylated containing Neu5Ac from various sources
Isolation from gangliosides	[117]
Isolation from colonic epithelial cells	[118]
Isolation from hamster sublingual gland	[119]
Isolation from murine erythrocyte ghosts (DBA/2, CD-1, B6D2 strains)	[115]
Isolation from bovine and equine submaxillary mucins	[120]
Isolation from influenza C	[121]
Isolation from salmon eggs	[122]
Isolation from equine erythrocytes	[112]
Isolation from rat submandibular glands	[116]
Isolation of 4-O-Ac-GM3 from equine erythrocytes	[117]
Isolation from starfish A. rubens	[43]
Isolation from vertebrates (fishes)	[45]
Acid/Enzyme hydrolysis from rabbit urine glycoprotein	[123]
Isolation of O-acetylated Neu5Ac using propionic acid	[63]
Isolation from rat coronavirus	[71]
Hydrolysis from murine coronaviruses in mouse tissue	[124]
O-Acetylesterases from horse liver specific for Neu4,5Ac2	[125]
Hydrolysis from infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV)	[81]
Isolation from echidna and platypus milk	[51,126]
Inhibitory activities of C4-O-acetylated containing Neu5Ac
A2 viral strain inhibited by horse serum containing Neu4,5Ac2	[103]
Neuraminidase from S. sanguis cannot cleave C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac	[127]
Sialidase from human leukocytes cannot cleave C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac	[128]
Sialidase from C. perfringens cannot cleave C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac	[129]
Bacterial sialidase activities inhibited by C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac	[130]
Inhibition of rabbit red blood cell agglutination activities by AchatininH	[67]
Inhibition of hemagglutinin activities of lectin bindings in human placenta	[131]
Influenza viruses (H3N2 strain) binding to Neu4,5Ac2 while unrecognized by B or H1N1 viruses	[114]
Viral inhibitory effects by equine and pig sera based on Neu4,5Ac2 located on the α2 macroglobulins	[132]
Esterase hydrolysis of acetyl groups
Acetylesterases from horse release Neu4,5Ac2	[133]
ISAV esterases bind and hydrolyze C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[81]
C4-OAc Neu5Ac is the preferred binding receptor of ISAV	[44]
Metabolism of partially O-acetylated Neu5Ac from bovine and equine submandibular glands	[134]
4-O-Acetylated Neu5Ac in equine and guinea pig α2 macroglobulins	[39]
O-Acetyltransferase in C4-OAc Neu5Ac biosynthesis	[21]
O-Acetylation on C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[42]
Mouse hepatitis virus S esterase cleaves C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[83]
Binding studies on C4-O-acetylated Neu5Ac
Micronemes show strong binding preference to C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[135]
Mouse hepatitis virus S binds and recognizes C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[136]
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) binds and recognizes C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[137,138,139]
Crab (Cancer antennarius) lectin binds to C4-OAc Neu5Ac	[49]