. 2019 Oct 16;7(4):150. doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040150

Table 1.

Cytokine adjuvant strategies for lactic acid bacteria.

Adjuvant	LAB	Expression	Antigen	Immune Response	Delivery	Species	Study
IL-12
IL-12	L. lactis	Secreted	Human Papilloma Virus (E7)	Increased BAL IgG and sIgA	Intranasal	Murine C57BL/6	Bermudez-Humaran et al. 2005 [31]
IL-12	L. lactis	Secreted	Human Papilloma Virus (E7)	Increased IFN-γ CD4⁺ and 8⁺ T cells	Intranasal	Murine C57BL/6	Bermudez-Humaran et al. 2005 [31]
IL-12	L. lactis L. plantarum	Secreted	Human Papilloma Virus (E7)	L. lactis, Intranasal Delivery	Intranasal Oral	Murine C57BL/6	Cortes-Perez et al. 2007 [39]
				Increased Serum and GAL IgG; Increased GAL IgA
				Increased IFN-γ
				L. plantarum, Intranasal Delivery
				Increased IFN-γ
				Decreased Tumor Burden
IL-12	L. lactis	Secreted	Leishmania major Leishmania (Homologue of Activated C Kinase)	Subcutaneous	Subcutaneous Oral	Murine BALB/c	Hugentobler et al. 2012 [40] Hugentobler et al. 2012 [41]
				Increased IgG1 and IgG2a
				Increased IFN-γ
				Decreased Parasite Load
				Oral
				Decreased Parasite Load
				Increased Intestinal sIgA
				Increased IFN-γ, IL-2
IL-12	L. lactis	Cytoplasmic (DNA)	Human Papilloma Virus (E7)	Increased IFN-γ	Intranasal	Murine C57BL/6	Li et al. 2014 [38]
IL-12	L. lactis	Cytoplasmic (DNA)	Human Papilloma Virus (E7)	Decreased Tumor Volume	Intranasal	Murine C57BL/6	Li et al. 2014 [38]
IL-12	L. lactis L. plantarum	Secreted (by L. lactis with L. plantarum Expressing the Antigen)	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Subunit Epitopes: Ag85B, CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv0475, Rv2031c)	Increased IgG	Oral	Murine BALB/c	Mustafa et al. 2018 [42]
IL-12	L. lactis L. plantarum			Increased IFN-γ, IL-2	Oral	Murine BALB/c	Mustafa et al. 2018 [42]
IL-1 β
IL-1β	L. casei	Secreted	Salmonella enterica (SE)	Increased IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β	Oral	Murine C3H/HeJ	Kajikawa et al. 2010 [43]
IL-1β	L. casei	Secreted	Salmonella enterica (SE)	Increased IgG and Intestinal sIgA when Co-Delivered with SE	Oral	Murine C3H/HeJ	Kajikawa et al. 2010 [43]
IL-1β	L. acidophilus	Secreted	HIV-1 (Membrane Subunit Epitope)	Increased IgG, Intestinal and Vaginal sIgA	Oral	Murine BALB/c	Kajikawa et al. 2015 [44]
				Increased Intestinal and Vaginal Epitope-Specific IgA B cells
				Increased IL-4
IL-2
IL-2	L. rhamnosus GG	Secreted	Green Florescent Protein (GFP)	Increased Trafficking to MLN and Spleen.	Oral	MurineC57BL/6 and BALB/c	Kandasamy et al. 2011 [45]
				Increased MLN T Cells, IgA B Cells, DCs
				Increased GFP-Specific IgG and Fecal sIgA
				Increased IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-12
IL-2	L. lactis	Secreted	Avian Influenza (Haemagglutinin 5)	Increased IgG and Serum IgA	Oral	Murine BALB/c	Szatraj et al. 2014 [46]

BAL: Bronchoalveolar lavage; GAL: Gastrointestinal lavage; MLN: Mesenteric lymph node.