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Effects of exogenous dopamine (DA) application on endogenous DA content of apple seedlings under alkali stress for 15 days. Data are means ± SD (n = 3). The different letters in the same style columns indicated significance at P < 0.05. Tukey’s multiple range test (two-way) based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) was chosen to analyze the data. Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). For information on treatments, please see Figure 3.
