Figure 7.

Two-dimensional Q-criterion (Q) contours ($Q=[1,5,20,50]$ s${}^{-2}$) are used to identify leading edge vortices during the second half-cycle. These plots show the typical life-cycle of a caudal fin LEV for case 7 at the $-40$ mm plane between $t/T=0.48$ and $1.40$.