Table 1.

Characteristics of the Studies.

Study	Study Design	Study Duration	Study Site	Study Population	Regimen
					Novel β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Combinations	Meropenem
REPROVE, 2018	prospective, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3 non-inferiority trial	2013–2015	136 hospitals in 23 countries	Adult patients in hospital, and had NP	2 g ceftazidime and 0.5 g avibactam intravenous infusion every 8 h.	1 g meropenem intravenous infusions every 8 h
ASPECT-NP, 2019	randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial	201–-2018	263 hospitals in 34 countries	Adult patients, were intubated and requiring MV, and had VAP or ventilated NP caused by Gram-negative bacteria	2 g ceftolozane and 1 g tazobactam intravenous infusions every 8 h	1 g meropenem intravenous infusions every 8 h

NP, nosocomial pneumonia; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; MV, mechanical ventilation.