Table 1.

Analyses of variance data for different physio-biochemical attributes of chilling stressed quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) plants subjected to varying (25 and 50 mM) levels of foliar-applied proline. SOD: superoxide dismutase.

Source of Variation	df	Shoot Fresh Weight	Shoot Dry Weight	Root Fresh Weight	Root Dry Weight	Shoot Length	Root Length
Cultivars (Cv)	1	0.132 ns	0.0002 ns	0.0005.8 ns	0.00005 ns	0.16 ns	0.0011 ns
Chilling Stress (CS)	1	1.311 ***	0.0196 ***	0.0072 ***	0.0001.1 *	11.33 *	207.36 ***
Foliar Spray (FS)	2	0.273 ns	0.0034 ns	0.0015 ***	0.0043 *	5.94 ns	54.5 **
Cv x CS	1	0.409 *	0.00024 ns	0.00054 ns	0.00002 ns	2.66 ns	34.41 *
Cv x FS	2	0.044 ns	0.0005.5 ns	0.000009 ns	0.00003 ns	1.05 ns	1.02 ns
CS x FS	2	0.014 ns	0.0006 ns	0.00002 ns	0.00002 ns	1.48 ns	0.955 ns
Cv x CS x FS	2	0.036 ns	0.0002.6 ns	0.0002 ns	0.000002 ns	0.564 ns	2.62 ns
Error	24			0.0001	0.00002	1.82	7.683
		Chl. a	Chl. b	Chl. a/b	Total Chl.	Carotenoids	Proline
Cultivars (Cv)	1	0.019 ns	0.0003 ns	0.174 ns	0.014 ns	0.0001 ns	79.59 ns
Chilling Stress (CS)	1	0.232 **	0.104 ***	0.837 *	0.648 ***	0.0876 ***	1070.26 ***
Foliar Spray (FS)	2	0.184 **	0.045 ***	0.308 ns	0.407 ***	0.0245 **	244.5 **
Cv x CS	1	0.169 *	0.0097 ns	0.193 ns	0.26 **	0.001 ns	5.93 ns
Cv x FS	2	0.0352 ns	0.0093 ns	1.107 **	0.0088 ns	0.00005 ns	15.75 ns
CS x FS	2	0.0269 ns	0.0045 ns	0.0308 ns	0.052 ns	0.0039 ns	40.36 ns
Cv x CS x FS	2	0.0214 ns	0.00563 ns	0.52 ns	0.0165 ns	0.000065 ns	4.64 ns
Error	24	0.0269	0.0029	0.185	0.9332	0.0033	35.04
		Glycine Betaine	Ascorbic Acid	Hydrogen Peroxide	MDA	Catalase	Peroxidase
Cultivars (Cv)	1	6553.30 ***	4.54 ns	1463.05 ns	2.9221e-4 ns	1.24 ***	0.0035 ns
Chilling Stress (CS)	1	288.79 ns	80.14 ***	20928.4 **	116.7 ***	0.013 ns	0.030 *
Foliar Spray (FS)	2	259.63 ns	50.41 ***	13452.4 **	24.30 ***	0.059 *	0.0117 ns
Cv x CS	1	2106.43 *	0.978 ns	28.44 ns	18.48 *	0.182 ns	0.0087 ns
Cv x FS	2	175.61 ns	3.16 ns	2696.2 ns	1.54 ns	0.0033 ns	0.0023 ns
CS x FS	2	648.77 ns	18.22 ns	1711.5 ns	0.449 ns	0.0124 ns	0.0001 ns
Cv x CS x FS	2	710.5 ns	1.37 ns	464.9 ns	2.12 ns	0.0041 ns	0.0009 ns
Error	24	274.01	2.414	2299.2	2.45	0.0155	0.0042
		SOD	Total Soluble Sugars	Total Phenolics	Total Free Amino Acids
Cultivars (Cv)	1	1.104 ns	62.93 *	39.27 ns	0.0262 **
Chilling Stress (CS)	1	7.02 *	228.01 ***	686.44 ***	0.0162 *
Foliar Spray (FS)	2	8.909 *	114.3 ***	122.06 **	0.0078 *
Cv x CS	1	4.867 ns	0.694 ns	78.91 ns	0.0008 ns
Cv x FS	2	2.111 ns	17.3 ns	15.57 ns	0.0001 ns
CS x FS	2	2.91 ns	18.73 ns	34.22 ns	0.0006 ns
Cv x CS x FS	2	3.76 ns	54.72 ns	42.4 ns	0.0012 ns
Error	24	1.642	11.51	18.57	0.002

ns = non-significant; *, ** and *** = significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels, respectively.